We show how they cause large underestimates of fidelity and propose 4 ways to properly account for them.

Yi-Hsiang Chen and I show that RB can give drastic underestimates of gate fidelity when there are leakage errors. Leakage errors occur in every quantum system and they’re becoming a much bigger part of error budgets.

If you’re running randomized benchmarking on your quantum computer, stop and read our paper!

arxiv.org/pdf/2502.00154