In this new Nature Communications study, Hartle, Kishida, Sands, Montague, and colleagues recorded neurochemical activity from the caudate nucleus of patients with Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor undergoing deep brain stimulation surgery. As the patients played a simple game deciding whether to accept fair or unfair offers of money, their brains revealed a molecular conversation in real time — one that distinguished the two diseases at the level of neurotransmitter signaling.

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