Surface and cross section images. Potato plants were grown for the indicated time periods in soil and then tubers were harvested. Scale bars, 3 cm. w, weeks.

Schematic showing the light treatments over the course of the experiment. Seedlings were grown for 4 days in long days (16-h light/8-h dark) at 21°C in combined LRFR + LB light. Bending assays were then conducted every 4 h over a 48-h timecourse, starting at dawn on the 5th day. In this schematic, yellow represents combined LRFR + LB light, black represents night, and blue represents combined LRFR + LB light supplemented with lateral blue light.

Interaction analysis of MdRGL1a-GRAS and MdCOP1. (A) The predicted 3D structures of the interactions between the GRAS domain of AtRGA and MdRGL1a with the WD40 domain of AtCOP1 and MdCOP1, respectively, were obtained using AlphaFold 3 and superimposed in PyMOL to calculate the root mean square deviation (RMSD). Proteins are color-coded as AtRGA-GRAS (white for the protein structure and yellow for potential interactive residues), AtCOP1 (light blue and red), MdRGL1a-GRAS (brown and green), and MdCOP1 (purple and cyan). Structural similarities with lower RMSD values (< 2 Å) indicate a high degree of structural similarity between the Arabidopsis and apple complexes. (B) Y2H assay showing the interaction of MdRGL1a-GRAS with MdCOP1 and MdSPA2 respectively. An additional interaction was observed between MdSPA2 and MdCOP1. Activation domain (AD) and binding domain (BD) correspond to the pGADT7 and pGBKT7 vectors, respectively. The empty symbol (∅) represents the use of an empty plasmid as a control to assess the autoactivation of each protein; Leu (leucine), Trp (tryptophan), and His (histidine) indicate selective media conditions while the numbers represent the dilutions used in the drop assay.

Response surface of the influence of duration (X2), temperature (X3), and pH of medium (X1) on the antagonistic activity strains L. plantarum 13с and L. plantarum 21c. The surface was derived from a second-order polynomial model based on a full factor design. Desirability (0–1): measures how well the factor settings achieve the optimization goals. Lighter/darker areas represent higher/lower response values.

Weedy rice, a wild relative of cultivated rice, is highly stress-resistant and proliferates in paddy fields. In this study, 353 weedy rice accessions were analyzed to identify salt-tolerance genes…

Nutrient levels across different external nutrient concentrations. Ionome variation per element normalized by cellular sulfur concentration across 81 No Glc samples under diverse media regimes and sampling time points (point color represents day after inoculation). The fresh medium concentration of each element per samples is represented on the x-axis of each panel, whose range varies according to nutrient. The black line represents the linear regression conducted on cellular elemental concentration as a function of medium concentration and results of each element's linear model are found in Table S3. For Mn, 12 P14 biological samples were plotted but not considered in the linear regression as they represented a hyperaccumulation in low external nutrient concentration that was not reflected in the range of higher concentration (Figure S2). Gray regions represent 95% confidence intervals of the regression model (n = 81).

Morphological characteristics of each stage of galls in Cuscuta campestris. (A) Life cycle of Smicronyx madaranus. (B–E) Representative image of young node before oviposition (B), Sgall (C), Mgall (D), and Lgall (E). White triangle in (B) indicate node position of C. campestris stem.

PSI B-mCherry localization in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings under stress. Expression of PSI B-mCherry in cotyledons (A) and in elongated roots

Root tips of 14 days old Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings stained with Evans Blue. Root tips of WT (a), ARAK1-OE #7 (b), and #25 (c) grown without addition of L-Ara for 14 days and stained with Evans Blue. Root tips grown on 1 mM L-Ara: WT (d), ARAK1-OE #7 (e), and #25 (f). Root tips grown on 3 mM L-Ara: WT (g), ARAK1-OE #7 (h), and #25 (i). Arrows indicate dead cells (appearing blue as stained with Evans Blue). Asterisks mark areas of sprouting root hair (bar = 100 μm).

Characterization of the proliferated seed cones in Larix kaempferi. (A) Photograph of the proliferated seed cone taken on 15 June 2024. (B) Photograph of the proliferated seed cones and normal cones taken on 15 June 2024. (C) Photograph of the proliferated seed cone taken on 17 July 2012. (D) Photograph of the proliferated seed cone and normal cone taken on 12 September 2017. Bud set occurred (red arrowhead). These cones were formed in 2016. (E) Photograph of the proliferated seed cone taken on 3 September 2023. Bud set occurred (red arrowhead). The proliferated seed cone was formed in 2022.

ARR21 may regulate seed size in the developing seeds. In arr21 mutants, the cotyledon length was reduced, the dry seed size decreased, and the perimeter of seed coat cells was smaller than in WT. Therefore, ARR21 may influence seed size. ARR21 may function through cytokinin signaling in response to AHK and AHP, although the exact mechanism has not been fully elucidated. ARR21 is expressed in the chalazal seed coat, chalazal endosperm, and embryo during seed development, suggesting that ARR21 plays distinct roles in these tissues. Additionally, it may also influence seed coat cell development.