Adolfo Rineckki
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adolfor20.bsky.social
Adolfo Rineckki
@adolfor20.bsky.social
YOU can SAVE the LIFE of a RELATIVE, a FRIEND, a PARTNER, or a STRANGER
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Literature Cited:
1.Cugurra, A., Mamuladze, T. et al. Science. Jul 23, 2021. PMID: 34083447”
January 5, 2025 at 3:29 PM
"However, more work is required to identify this putative drug candidate(s).
We at the Brain Inflammation Collaborative are on a mission to help scientists understand how complex neuroimmune axis conditions such as Long COVID impact our brain health and mental health."
January 5, 2025 at 3:29 PM
“\ Therapeutic Implications:
The skull’s bone marrow is not behind the blood-brain barrier.

Thus, if a viable anti-neuroinflammatory target is discovered in the skull marrow, it wouldn’t need to meet the burdensome criteria of crossing the BBB."
January 5, 2025 at 3:29 PM
"This work also might also, “suggest a mechanism for the virus’s entry into the central nervous system “ (i.e. the skull’s bone marrow-meninge axis).”
January 5, 2025 at 3:29 PM
“\ Conclusion:
This data suggests that the spike protein’s ability to accumulate in the skull’s bone marrow might be responsible for neuroinflammation (brain fog) experienced following a SARS-CoV-2 infection and in those with Long COVID."
January 5, 2025 at 3:29 PM
“\ Results:
Further results found that injecting the spike protein directly into the skull’s bone marrow, which is outside the brain (in 🐁 ), caused pathology inside the brain such as:
- neuronal stress
- neuroinflammation”
January 5, 2025 at 3:29 PM
"They also found spike protein in the skull of humans previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 but later died from non-COVID-related complications.”
January 5, 2025 at 3:29 PM
“\ Results:
As we mentioned above, the spike protein was found in the skull’s bone marrow and meninges in mice.

This was associated with:
- exacerbated outcomes of stroke and traumatic brain injury
- changes in the skull-meninge physiology
- anxiety-like behavior"
January 5, 2025 at 3:29 PM
"They can also rapidly penetrate the brain following injury or inflammation (1).

Now back to the new Long COVID paper…”
January 5, 2025 at 3:29 PM
“Surprisingly, immune cells from the skull’s marrow behave differently than those from the blood. Specifically, scientists found they are (1):
- less likely to trigger autoimmunity
- less inflammatory in nature"
January 5, 2025 at 3:29 PM
"Instead, they traffic through specialized channels from the skull's bone marrow (to the meninges) (1).
But why is it important for immune cells in the meninges to come from the skull and not the blood?”
January 5, 2025 at 3:29 PM
“\ Background - Skull Meninges Connections (SMCs):
The brain is wrapped in a 3-layer membrane called the meninges.

This protective membrane contains resident immune cells that do not come from circulation."
January 5, 2025 at 3:29 PM
"To understand why this discovery is important in the context of Long COVID we must first learn about the following:
- the meninges
- immune cells in the meninges

Read the scientific publication here:”
buff.ly/3DNfPGL
Persistence of spike protein at the skull-meninges-brain axis may contribute to the neurological sequelae of COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to long-lasting neurological sequelae, but underlying mechanisms are unclear. Rong et al. report that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein persists in the skull-meninges-brain axis, inducing inflammation, neurodegeneration-related changes, and increasing the brain’s vulnerability to further injury.
buff.ly
January 5, 2025 at 3:29 PM
"- SARS-CoV-2 infection
- Long COVID..
Researchers from Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany found that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein localizes to the skull's bone marrow."
January 5, 2025 at 3:29 PM
It can also increase blood levels of estrogen, a sex hormone linked to breast cancer, and make the carcinogens found in tobacco smoke easier for the body to absorb. (5/5)
January 4, 2025 at 11:46 AM
Alcohol can also have more subtle cancer-promoting effects, including impairing the body’s ability to metabolize and absorb a variety of nutrients it needs to prevent cancer. (4/5)
January 4, 2025 at 11:46 AM