Cinq mémos du Conseil franco-allemand des experts économiques pour le Conseil des ministres franco-allemands du 29 août 2025 sur des sujets prioritaires : défense, énergie, productivité, emploi et com...

We study the implication of yuan internationalization on the stability of the international monetary system. More specifically, we use a three-country…

Abstract. We propose a simple model of the international monetary system. We study the world supply and demand for reserve assets denominated in different

We provide a quarterly time series of the historical evolution of US external assets and liabilities at market value on the 1952-2016 period. The center country of the International Monetary System enjoys an “exorbitant privilege”, a sizeable excess return of gross external assets over liabilities that significantly weakens its external constraint. In exchange for this “exorbitant privilege” we document that the US provides insurance to the rest of the world, especially in times of global stress. We call this the “exorbitant duty” of the hegemon. During the 2007-2009 global financial crisis, wealth transfers from the US to the rest of the world amounted to about 20% of US GDP and the dollar appreciated by 8% in real terms. We present a stylized model that accounts for these facts and also links the shrinking size of the hegemon in the world economy to the decline in the world real rate of interest.

Tribune By Agnès Bénassy-Quéré, Second deputy-governor of Banque de France. March 2025

We study the implication of yuan internationalization on the stability of the international monetary system. More specifically, we use a three-country…

Abstract. We propose a simple model of the international monetary system. We study the world supply and demand for reserve assets denominated in different

We provide a quarterly time series of the historical evolution of US external assets and liabilities at market value on the 1952-2016 period. The center country of the International Monetary System enjoys an “exorbitant privilege”, a sizeable excess return of gross external assets over liabilities that significantly weakens its external constraint. In exchange for this “exorbitant privilege” we document that the US provides insurance to the rest of the world, especially in times of global stress. We call this the “exorbitant duty” of the hegemon. During the 2007-2009 global financial crisis, wealth transfers from the US to the rest of the world amounted to about 20% of US GDP and the dollar appreciated by 8% in real terms. We present a stylized model that accounts for these facts and also links the shrinking size of the hegemon in the world economy to the decline in the world real rate of interest.

Tribune d'Agnès Bénassy-Quéré, Seconde sous-gouverneure de la Banque de France. Mars 2025

Un tiers des discours des banques centrales aborde désormais le thème du changement climatique. Comment ces institutions, traditionnellement focalisées sur l’inflation, en sont-elles arrivées là ?