Arctic shots consolidate shelf ice and stiffen soils; the city settles into true winter.
Arctic shots consolidate shelf ice and stiffen soils; the city settles into true winter.
Low sun angles and ice crystals produce halos and sun dogs on the coldest mornings.
Low sun angles and ice crystals produce halos and sun dogs on the coldest mornings.
Goldeneye and mergansers sparkle on Lake Michigan and larger lagoons.
Goldeneye and mergansers sparkle on Lake Michigan and larger lagoons.
Great horned owls become more vocal as courtship ramps up heading into winter.
Great horned owls become more vocal as courtship ramps up heading into winter.
Protected harbors and ponds glaze over on calm, cold nights before breaking by afternoon sun.
Protected harbors and ponds glaze over on calm, cold nights before breaking by afternoon sun.
Many years see the first measurable snowfall in this window, though it varies widely.
Many years see the first measurable snowfall in this window, though it varies widely.
Squirrels finish caching acorns and walnuts; gnawed shells litter stump tops.
Squirrels finish caching acorns and walnuts; gnawed shells litter stump tops.
Persistent gray stratus and drizzle develop under cold NE winds off the lake.
Persistent gray stratus and drizzle develop under cold NE winds off the lake.
Ginkgoes often shed en masse after the season’s first sharp cold night—sidewalks turn gold.
Ginkgoes often shed en masse after the season’s first sharp cold night—sidewalks turn gold.
Diving ducks, geese, and swans stage on open water along the lakefront and lagoons.
Diving ducks, geese, and swans stage on open water along the lakefront and lagoons.
Cold rain mixes with snow; brief bursts whiten grass before melting.
Cold rain mixes with snow; brief bursts whiten grass before melting.
Windy days send leaves streaming; piles gather along curbs and fences.
Windy days send leaves streaming; piles gather along curbs and fences.
Best urban color often arrives late Oct into early Nov, with oaks lagging.
Best urban color often arrives late Oct into early Nov, with oaks lagging.
Average first freeze near this window; tender annuals blacken overnight.
Average first freeze near this window; tender annuals blacken overnight.
Norway and red maples shift through oranges and reds; sugar maples glow in preserves.
Norway and red maples shift through oranges and reds; sugar maples glow in preserves.
Patchy frost appears in low spots; gardeners cover late tomatoes and peppers.
Patchy frost appears in low spots; gardeners cover late tomatoes and peppers.
Ragweed remains troublesome until the first hard frost knocks it back.
Ragweed remains troublesome until the first hard frost knocks it back.
Late species carry the banner as others fade; pollinator traffic remains high on warm days.
Late species carry the banner as others fade; pollinator traffic remains high on warm days.
Ruby‑throated hummingbirds tank up at salvias and feeders; most depart by early October.
Ruby‑throated hummingbirds tank up at salvias and feeders; most depart by early October.
Day and night nearly equal; first cool snaps nudge trees toward change.
Day and night nearly equal; first cool snaps nudge trees toward change.