The first ten modes have to do with relativizing factors of knowledge. There are factors which rely on the state of the knower, the state of the object, and the state of the relationship between knower and object. Thus, the ten “old” modes can be subordinated under three.

The problem of justification stands in the way of all immediate claims to knowledge. Philosophy as a search for knowledge through reason must therefore overcome the challenge of scepticism. Today, let's introduce ourselves to the Pyrrhonean sceptic, Sextus Empiricus. 🧵

For those interested, here is the rest of the section. It’s just Hegel running numbers. That’s it. Again, there is no claim that there definitely is not a planet between Mars and Jupiter and no suggestion that he has found the correct series--let alone *proofs* of such.

And the next sentence may just be the most revealing of all:

Notice that Hegel has not yet committed himself to the assertion that there is no planet between Mars and Jupiter! So far, he’s taking issue with the *reason* such a planet is being sought. Next:

Such a “deduction” will not be found. In his dissertation, De Orbitis Planetarum, Hegel begins the relevant section by directing us to the problem:

As we will see, it’s simply not true that Hegel was concerned with the *number* of planets and I will more closely address Karl Popper’s version which is at least *less* false:

And wouldn't you know it, it's Bertrand Russell's own claim here in an issue of The Atlantic Monthly on "Philosophy's Ulterior Motives":

HEGEL ON THE PLANETS
The story surrounding Hegel’s supposed proof about planets changes slightly depending on the particular person telling it. Today, let's look at his dissertation to see what it was he actually said. (thread)