IISD Energy
@energy.iisd.org
Expert analysis on global energy transitions at @IISD.org. Advancing the transition away from fossil fuels, #RenewableEnergy scale-up, #JustTransition, fossil fuel subsidy reform, and more!
📣New Research | Energy subsidies in #SouthAfrica have become structural & costly.
In FY 2025, they totalled ZAR 198 billion, with direct support for fossil fuels tripling to ZAR 110 billion since 2018.
Read our full analysis: https://www.iisd.org/publications/digital-story/the-energy-tab
In FY 2025, they totalled ZAR 198 billion, with direct support for fossil fuels tripling to ZAR 110 billion since 2018.
Read our full analysis: https://www.iisd.org/publications/digital-story/the-energy-tab
January 20, 2026 at 7:04 AM
📣New Research | Energy subsidies in #SouthAfrica have become structural & costly.
In FY 2025, they totalled ZAR 198 billion, with direct support for fossil fuels tripling to ZAR 110 billion since 2018.
Read our full analysis: https://www.iisd.org/publications/digital-story/the-energy-tab
In FY 2025, they totalled ZAR 198 billion, with direct support for fossil fuels tripling to ZAR 110 billion since 2018.
Read our full analysis: https://www.iisd.org/publications/digital-story/the-energy-tab
Looking for extra fiscal space? An inventory of fossil fuel subsidies can help!
Here are 5-steps to get started:
1️⃣Whole of gov't approach
2️⃣Comprehensive scope & definition
3️⃣Appropriate method to measure subsidies
4️⃣Environmental & socio-economic lens
5️⃣Regular updates
📗 www.iisd.org/publications...
Here are 5-steps to get started:
1️⃣Whole of gov't approach
2️⃣Comprehensive scope & definition
3️⃣Appropriate method to measure subsidies
4️⃣Environmental & socio-economic lens
5️⃣Regular updates
📗 www.iisd.org/publications...
January 16, 2026 at 9:55 PM
Looking for extra fiscal space? An inventory of fossil fuel subsidies can help!
Here are 5-steps to get started:
1️⃣Whole of gov't approach
2️⃣Comprehensive scope & definition
3️⃣Appropriate method to measure subsidies
4️⃣Environmental & socio-economic lens
5️⃣Regular updates
📗 www.iisd.org/publications...
Here are 5-steps to get started:
1️⃣Whole of gov't approach
2️⃣Comprehensive scope & definition
3️⃣Appropriate method to measure subsidies
4️⃣Environmental & socio-economic lens
5️⃣Regular updates
📗 www.iisd.org/publications...
5️⃣ The UK became the largest oil & gas producer to ban new exploration.
The policy bans onshore & offshore oil & gas exploration licences—however, an exception for production on or near to existing fields must be tightly defined to prevent industry over-exploiting tiebacks as a loophole.
6/6
The policy bans onshore & offshore oil & gas exploration licences—however, an exception for production on or near to existing fields must be tightly defined to prevent industry over-exploiting tiebacks as a loophole.
6/6
January 14, 2026 at 8:14 AM
5️⃣ The UK became the largest oil & gas producer to ban new exploration.
The policy bans onshore & offshore oil & gas exploration licences—however, an exception for production on or near to existing fields must be tightly defined to prevent industry over-exploiting tiebacks as a loophole.
6/6
The policy bans onshore & offshore oil & gas exploration licences—however, an exception for production on or near to existing fields must be tightly defined to prevent industry over-exploiting tiebacks as a loophole.
6/6
4️⃣ South Africa’s subsidies for fossil fuel consumption tripled from FY 2018 to FY 2025.
Carbon tax exemptions, a freeze on the general fuel level, and other policies, have contributed to increased fossil fuel subsidies.
www.iisd.org/publications...
5/6
Carbon tax exemptions, a freeze on the general fuel level, and other policies, have contributed to increased fossil fuel subsidies.
www.iisd.org/publications...
5/6
January 14, 2026 at 8:14 AM
4️⃣ South Africa’s subsidies for fossil fuel consumption tripled from FY 2018 to FY 2025.
Carbon tax exemptions, a freeze on the general fuel level, and other policies, have contributed to increased fossil fuel subsidies.
www.iisd.org/publications...
5/6
Carbon tax exemptions, a freeze on the general fuel level, and other policies, have contributed to increased fossil fuel subsidies.
www.iisd.org/publications...
5/6
3️⃣Indonesia’s #EV boom
Indonesia has an ambitious target of deploying 2mn electric cars & 12mn electric two-wheelers by 2030 with policies to support adoption & industry growth.
Yet experts warn the gov't must ensure foreign manufacturers contribute to the local economy.
www.iisd.org/articles/dee...
Indonesia has an ambitious target of deploying 2mn electric cars & 12mn electric two-wheelers by 2030 with policies to support adoption & industry growth.
Yet experts warn the gov't must ensure foreign manufacturers contribute to the local economy.
www.iisd.org/articles/dee...
January 14, 2026 at 8:14 AM
3️⃣Indonesia’s #EV boom
Indonesia has an ambitious target of deploying 2mn electric cars & 12mn electric two-wheelers by 2030 with policies to support adoption & industry growth.
Yet experts warn the gov't must ensure foreign manufacturers contribute to the local economy.
www.iisd.org/articles/dee...
Indonesia has an ambitious target of deploying 2mn electric cars & 12mn electric two-wheelers by 2030 with policies to support adoption & industry growth.
Yet experts warn the gov't must ensure foreign manufacturers contribute to the local economy.
www.iisd.org/articles/dee...
2️⃣ India closed the gap between clean energy & fossil fuel support.
India’s clean energy subsidies increased by 31% in FY 2024 to nearly USD 3.9 billion.
In the same period, fossil fuel subsidies declined by 12%, the sharpest drop since the pandemic.
3/6
www.iisd.org/publications...
India’s clean energy subsidies increased by 31% in FY 2024 to nearly USD 3.9 billion.
In the same period, fossil fuel subsidies declined by 12%, the sharpest drop since the pandemic.
3/6
www.iisd.org/publications...
January 14, 2026 at 8:14 AM
2️⃣ India closed the gap between clean energy & fossil fuel support.
India’s clean energy subsidies increased by 31% in FY 2024 to nearly USD 3.9 billion.
In the same period, fossil fuel subsidies declined by 12%, the sharpest drop since the pandemic.
3/6
www.iisd.org/publications...
India’s clean energy subsidies increased by 31% in FY 2024 to nearly USD 3.9 billion.
In the same period, fossil fuel subsidies declined by 12%, the sharpest drop since the pandemic.
3/6
www.iisd.org/publications...
1️⃣ 🇨🇦 announced plans to support ⬆️ oil & gas production declaring the Ksi Lisims LNG project to be of national interest & sharing plans for a pipeline.
Yet with clean energy 📈 outcompeting fossil fuels in the 🌎 economy, experts warn fossil fuel expansion carries risk.
www.iisd.org/articles/dee...
2/6
Yet with clean energy 📈 outcompeting fossil fuels in the 🌎 economy, experts warn fossil fuel expansion carries risk.
www.iisd.org/articles/dee...
2/6
January 14, 2026 at 8:14 AM
1️⃣ 🇨🇦 announced plans to support ⬆️ oil & gas production declaring the Ksi Lisims LNG project to be of national interest & sharing plans for a pipeline.
Yet with clean energy 📈 outcompeting fossil fuels in the 🌎 economy, experts warn fossil fuel expansion carries risk.
www.iisd.org/articles/dee...
2/6
Yet with clean energy 📈 outcompeting fossil fuels in the 🌎 economy, experts warn fossil fuel expansion carries risk.
www.iisd.org/articles/dee...
2/6
📣 How did #energy policies shift in 2025? Drawing on our work in 5️⃣ countries, here are some of our 2025 headlines for Canada, India, Indonesia, South Africa, and the UK:
🧵1/6
🧵1/6
January 14, 2026 at 8:14 AM
📣 How did #energy policies shift in 2025? Drawing on our work in 5️⃣ countries, here are some of our 2025 headlines for Canada, India, Indonesia, South Africa, and the UK:
🧵1/6
🧵1/6
5️⃣ The G7 & G20 fail to restate their long-standing commitment to fossil fuel subsidy reform.
Even without a clear mandate from the G20, countries still have credible platforms to move forward with coalitions including #COFFIS showing progress is possible.
iisd.org/articles/ins...
6/6
Even without a clear mandate from the G20, countries still have credible platforms to move forward with coalitions including #COFFIS showing progress is possible.
iisd.org/articles/ins...
6/6
January 6, 2026 at 6:29 PM
5️⃣ The G7 & G20 fail to restate their long-standing commitment to fossil fuel subsidy reform.
Even without a clear mandate from the G20, countries still have credible platforms to move forward with coalitions including #COFFIS showing progress is possible.
iisd.org/articles/ins...
6/6
Even without a clear mandate from the G20, countries still have credible platforms to move forward with coalitions including #COFFIS showing progress is possible.
iisd.org/articles/ins...
6/6
4️⃣New Gender Action Plan
As the clean energy transition accelerates, gov'ts must ensure energy policies respond to the needs of vulnerable communities. The COP30 Gender Action Plan includes vital elements to advance gender-responsive climate action. iisd.org/articles/ins...
5/6
As the clean energy transition accelerates, gov'ts must ensure energy policies respond to the needs of vulnerable communities. The COP30 Gender Action Plan includes vital elements to advance gender-responsive climate action. iisd.org/articles/ins...
5/6
January 6, 2026 at 6:29 PM
4️⃣New Gender Action Plan
As the clean energy transition accelerates, gov'ts must ensure energy policies respond to the needs of vulnerable communities. The COP30 Gender Action Plan includes vital elements to advance gender-responsive climate action. iisd.org/articles/ins...
5/6
As the clean energy transition accelerates, gov'ts must ensure energy policies respond to the needs of vulnerable communities. The COP30 Gender Action Plan includes vital elements to advance gender-responsive climate action. iisd.org/articles/ins...
5/6
3️⃣Countries agree to develop a Just Transition Mechanism at COP30—long demanded by labour & civil society.
The mechanism provides a forward looking path for the Just Transition Work Programme to support technical assistance, capacity-building, & knowledge-sharing.
jetknowledge.org/news/just-tr...
4/6
The mechanism provides a forward looking path for the Just Transition Work Programme to support technical assistance, capacity-building, & knowledge-sharing.
jetknowledge.org/news/just-tr...
4/6
January 6, 2026 at 6:29 PM
3️⃣Countries agree to develop a Just Transition Mechanism at COP30—long demanded by labour & civil society.
The mechanism provides a forward looking path for the Just Transition Work Programme to support technical assistance, capacity-building, & knowledge-sharing.
jetknowledge.org/news/just-tr...
4/6
The mechanism provides a forward looking path for the Just Transition Work Programme to support technical assistance, capacity-building, & knowledge-sharing.
jetknowledge.org/news/just-tr...
4/6
2️⃣ 80+ countries pushed for a roadmap to transition away from fossil fuels at COP30.
While it didn’t make the final text, momentum is ⬆️with Colombia co-hosting the first-ever int'l fossil fuel phase-out conference with the Netherlands in April.
iisd.org/articles/ins...
3/6
While it didn’t make the final text, momentum is ⬆️with Colombia co-hosting the first-ever int'l fossil fuel phase-out conference with the Netherlands in April.
iisd.org/articles/ins...
3/6
January 6, 2026 at 6:29 PM
2️⃣ 80+ countries pushed for a roadmap to transition away from fossil fuels at COP30.
While it didn’t make the final text, momentum is ⬆️with Colombia co-hosting the first-ever int'l fossil fuel phase-out conference with the Netherlands in April.
iisd.org/articles/ins...
3/6
While it didn’t make the final text, momentum is ⬆️with Colombia co-hosting the first-ever int'l fossil fuel phase-out conference with the Netherlands in April.
iisd.org/articles/ins...
3/6
1️⃣ The International Court of Justice advisory opinion finds that phasing out fossil fuels isn’t just a scientific demand—it’s a legal imperative.
Ongoing production, licensing, & subsidizing of fossil fuels could breach international law.
Learn more: iisd.org/articles/dee...
2/6
Ongoing production, licensing, & subsidizing of fossil fuels could breach international law.
Learn more: iisd.org/articles/dee...
2/6
January 6, 2026 at 6:29 PM
1️⃣ The International Court of Justice advisory opinion finds that phasing out fossil fuels isn’t just a scientific demand—it’s a legal imperative.
Ongoing production, licensing, & subsidizing of fossil fuels could breach international law.
Learn more: iisd.org/articles/dee...
2/6
Ongoing production, licensing, & subsidizing of fossil fuels could breach international law.
Learn more: iisd.org/articles/dee...
2/6
📣What Energy Stories Shaped 2025? ⚡
From the landmark opinion by the International Court of Justice to G20 & G7 leaders shifting away from fossil fuel subsidy reform commitments. Here are some of the energy trends and developments from the past year: 🧵1/6
From the landmark opinion by the International Court of Justice to G20 & G7 leaders shifting away from fossil fuel subsidy reform commitments. Here are some of the energy trends and developments from the past year: 🧵1/6
January 6, 2026 at 6:29 PM
📣What Energy Stories Shaped 2025? ⚡
From the landmark opinion by the International Court of Justice to G20 & G7 leaders shifting away from fossil fuel subsidy reform commitments. Here are some of the energy trends and developments from the past year: 🧵1/6
From the landmark opinion by the International Court of Justice to G20 & G7 leaders shifting away from fossil fuel subsidy reform commitments. Here are some of the energy trends and developments from the past year: 🧵1/6
Half of India’s electricity capacity in 2025 came from non‑fossil sources.
Yet fossil fuels receive 5X more public 💰 than clean energy, while subsidies
⚠️strain public finances,
⚠️crowd out investment in cleaner technologies.
https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/mapping-india-energy-policy-2025
Yet fossil fuels receive 5X more public 💰 than clean energy, while subsidies
⚠️strain public finances,
⚠️crowd out investment in cleaner technologies.
https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/mapping-india-energy-policy-2025
December 31, 2025 at 5:05 AM
Half of India’s electricity capacity in 2025 came from non‑fossil sources.
Yet fossil fuels receive 5X more public 💰 than clean energy, while subsidies
⚠️strain public finances,
⚠️crowd out investment in cleaner technologies.
https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/mapping-india-energy-policy-2025
Yet fossil fuels receive 5X more public 💰 than clean energy, while subsidies
⚠️strain public finances,
⚠️crowd out investment in cleaner technologies.
https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/mapping-india-energy-policy-2025
🔎What were the headline trends in oil & gas exploration in 2025?
➡️Egypt + Brazil licensed new fields with the largest estimated reserves.
➡️U.S. + China spent the most on new exploration.
➡️Exploration rose since 2020, but is below its 2000s peak.
🆕 #CarbonMinefields: www.iisd.org/publications...
➡️Egypt + Brazil licensed new fields with the largest estimated reserves.
➡️U.S. + China spent the most on new exploration.
➡️Exploration rose since 2020, but is below its 2000s peak.
🆕 #CarbonMinefields: www.iisd.org/publications...
December 29, 2025 at 10:44 AM
🔎What were the headline trends in oil & gas exploration in 2025?
➡️Egypt + Brazil licensed new fields with the largest estimated reserves.
➡️U.S. + China spent the most on new exploration.
➡️Exploration rose since 2020, but is below its 2000s peak.
🆕 #CarbonMinefields: www.iisd.org/publications...
➡️Egypt + Brazil licensed new fields with the largest estimated reserves.
➡️U.S. + China spent the most on new exploration.
➡️Exploration rose since 2020, but is below its 2000s peak.
🆕 #CarbonMinefields: www.iisd.org/publications...
Firm & Dispatchable Renewable Energy offers system-wide advantages for #India:
⬆️Energy security
⬆️Economic gains: +1.8% GDP by 2050
⬆️Job creation: 64,000 net new jobs
⬇️Exposure to volatile fossil fuel prices
⬇️Air pollution & public health costs
👉 www.iisd.org/publications...
@cstep-india.bsky.social
⬆️Energy security
⬆️Economic gains: +1.8% GDP by 2050
⬆️Job creation: 64,000 net new jobs
⬇️Exposure to volatile fossil fuel prices
⬇️Air pollution & public health costs
👉 www.iisd.org/publications...
@cstep-india.bsky.social
December 24, 2025 at 5:06 AM
Firm & Dispatchable Renewable Energy offers system-wide advantages for #India:
⬆️Energy security
⬆️Economic gains: +1.8% GDP by 2050
⬆️Job creation: 64,000 net new jobs
⬇️Exposure to volatile fossil fuel prices
⬇️Air pollution & public health costs
👉 www.iisd.org/publications...
@cstep-india.bsky.social
⬆️Energy security
⬆️Economic gains: +1.8% GDP by 2050
⬆️Job creation: 64,000 net new jobs
⬇️Exposure to volatile fossil fuel prices
⬇️Air pollution & public health costs
👉 www.iisd.org/publications...
@cstep-india.bsky.social
📣What moments have shaped how subsidies are used & governed, & with 2026 on the horizon, what do trends signal for the road ahead?
Experts emphasize it's less about whether subsidies should exist but how to discipline & reform them to serve public goals. 👇
www.iisd.org/articles/exp...
Experts emphasize it's less about whether subsidies should exist but how to discipline & reform them to serve public goals. 👇
www.iisd.org/articles/exp...
December 23, 2025 at 1:31 PM
📣What moments have shaped how subsidies are used & governed, & with 2026 on the horizon, what do trends signal for the road ahead?
Experts emphasize it's less about whether subsidies should exist but how to discipline & reform them to serve public goals. 👇
www.iisd.org/articles/exp...
Experts emphasize it's less about whether subsidies should exist but how to discipline & reform them to serve public goals. 👇
www.iisd.org/articles/exp...
Canada has proposed a new pipeline—yet with oil demand set to decline, projects face serious economic risks.
Oil supply is expected to exceed demand by 4mn bpd in 2026. Providing subsidies risks building uneconomic projects at the expense of public 💰.
www.iisd.org/articles/dee...
Oil supply is expected to exceed demand by 4mn bpd in 2026. Providing subsidies risks building uneconomic projects at the expense of public 💰.
www.iisd.org/articles/dee...
December 22, 2025 at 6:21 PM
Canada has proposed a new pipeline—yet with oil demand set to decline, projects face serious economic risks.
Oil supply is expected to exceed demand by 4mn bpd in 2026. Providing subsidies risks building uneconomic projects at the expense of public 💰.
www.iisd.org/articles/dee...
Oil supply is expected to exceed demand by 4mn bpd in 2026. Providing subsidies risks building uneconomic projects at the expense of public 💰.
www.iisd.org/articles/dee...
Gov'ts spend ➕USD 1tn /yr subsidizing fossil fuels. These measures strain gov’t budgets, distort markets, & ⬆️climate change.
Transparent & comprehensive inventories are a key step to reform but what should this look like?
Read our step-by-step guide ➡️ www.iisd.org/publications...
Transparent & comprehensive inventories are a key step to reform but what should this look like?
Read our step-by-step guide ➡️ www.iisd.org/publications...
December 22, 2025 at 8:21 AM
Gov'ts spend ➕USD 1tn /yr subsidizing fossil fuels. These measures strain gov’t budgets, distort markets, & ⬆️climate change.
Transparent & comprehensive inventories are a key step to reform but what should this look like?
Read our step-by-step guide ➡️ www.iisd.org/publications...
Transparent & comprehensive inventories are a key step to reform but what should this look like?
Read our step-by-step guide ➡️ www.iisd.org/publications...
In FY24, 83% of capital expenditure from India’s state owned enterprises still flowed to fossil sectors—coal mining, refineries, + oil & gas.
As #CleanEnergy accelerates, diversification is key to avoid locking in fossil fuel infrastructure.
New Report:
www.iisd.org/publications...
As #CleanEnergy accelerates, diversification is key to avoid locking in fossil fuel infrastructure.
New Report:
www.iisd.org/publications...
December 22, 2025 at 4:32 AM
In FY24, 83% of capital expenditure from India’s state owned enterprises still flowed to fossil sectors—coal mining, refineries, + oil & gas.
As #CleanEnergy accelerates, diversification is key to avoid locking in fossil fuel infrastructure.
New Report:
www.iisd.org/publications...
As #CleanEnergy accelerates, diversification is key to avoid locking in fossil fuel infrastructure.
New Report:
www.iisd.org/publications...
When environment & health impacts are counted, Firm & Dispatchable Renewable Energy isn’t just cleaner—it’s a cheaper & more resilient choice for #India’s power future.
Coal’s true cost jumps from ₹4.65 → ₹13.19/kWh, while FDRE stays at ₹4.41–5.86/kWh.
New Report: www.iisd.org/publications...
Coal’s true cost jumps from ₹4.65 → ₹13.19/kWh, while FDRE stays at ₹4.41–5.86/kWh.
New Report: www.iisd.org/publications...
December 20, 2025 at 7:41 AM
When environment & health impacts are counted, Firm & Dispatchable Renewable Energy isn’t just cleaner—it’s a cheaper & more resilient choice for #India’s power future.
Coal’s true cost jumps from ₹4.65 → ₹13.19/kWh, while FDRE stays at ₹4.41–5.86/kWh.
New Report: www.iisd.org/publications...
Coal’s true cost jumps from ₹4.65 → ₹13.19/kWh, while FDRE stays at ₹4.41–5.86/kWh.
New Report: www.iisd.org/publications...
The Trans Mountain Pipeline:
⚠️Came online years late & overbudget
⚠️Continues to receive gov't subsidies
#TMX was not a profitable investment of public 💰. Before new pipelines are considered Canada must end subsidies & recoup TMX construction costs.
www.iisd.org/articles/dee...
⚠️Came online years late & overbudget
⚠️Continues to receive gov't subsidies
#TMX was not a profitable investment of public 💰. Before new pipelines are considered Canada must end subsidies & recoup TMX construction costs.
www.iisd.org/articles/dee...
December 19, 2025 at 5:01 PM
The Trans Mountain Pipeline:
⚠️Came online years late & overbudget
⚠️Continues to receive gov't subsidies
#TMX was not a profitable investment of public 💰. Before new pipelines are considered Canada must end subsidies & recoup TMX construction costs.
www.iisd.org/articles/dee...
⚠️Came online years late & overbudget
⚠️Continues to receive gov't subsidies
#TMX was not a profitable investment of public 💰. Before new pipelines are considered Canada must end subsidies & recoup TMX construction costs.
www.iisd.org/articles/dee...
Subsidies distort markets & harm the environment, but they can also build green industries & protect people.
For the #GlobalSubsidiesInitiative's 20th anniversary, leading experts to highlight 5 trends that have shaped how subsidies are used & governed.
➡️ www.iisd.org/articles/exp...
For the #GlobalSubsidiesInitiative's 20th anniversary, leading experts to highlight 5 trends that have shaped how subsidies are used & governed.
➡️ www.iisd.org/articles/exp...
December 19, 2025 at 4:55 PM
Subsidies distort markets & harm the environment, but they can also build green industries & protect people.
For the #GlobalSubsidiesInitiative's 20th anniversary, leading experts to highlight 5 trends that have shaped how subsidies are used & governed.
➡️ www.iisd.org/articles/exp...
For the #GlobalSubsidiesInitiative's 20th anniversary, leading experts to highlight 5 trends that have shaped how subsidies are used & governed.
➡️ www.iisd.org/articles/exp...
🆕 analysis of India’s energy policies shows how subsidy reform & targeted public finance can:
✅ Free up fiscal space to ⬆️ clean energy & grid investments
✅ Strengthen energy security & resilience
✅ Advance climate goals & social equity
📗@iisd.org
www.iisd.org/publications...
✅ Free up fiscal space to ⬆️ clean energy & grid investments
✅ Strengthen energy security & resilience
✅ Advance climate goals & social equity
📗@iisd.org
www.iisd.org/publications...
December 19, 2025 at 6:14 AM
🆕 analysis of India’s energy policies shows how subsidy reform & targeted public finance can:
✅ Free up fiscal space to ⬆️ clean energy & grid investments
✅ Strengthen energy security & resilience
✅ Advance climate goals & social equity
📗@iisd.org
www.iisd.org/publications...
✅ Free up fiscal space to ⬆️ clean energy & grid investments
✅ Strengthen energy security & resilience
✅ Advance climate goals & social equity
📗@iisd.org
www.iisd.org/publications...