sealed with debris
@insaninthebrain.bsky.social
Insane in the membrane 🧠
Trying to read more papers by sharing and discussing threads (not quite #PaperPerDay, but aspiring to).
Neuro/Evolution/Physics/Math/Computation.
Comment with your thoughts or recommend a cool paper!
Trying to read more papers by sharing and discussing threads (not quite #PaperPerDay, but aspiring to).
Neuro/Evolution/Physics/Math/Computation.
Comment with your thoughts or recommend a cool paper!
Damn, I wish science papers were as fun
January 29, 2026 at 6:18 PM
Damn, I wish science papers were as fun
Yeah, i feel like speed of generating answers could be one of the most accurate tests
January 25, 2026 at 6:52 PM
Yeah, i feel like speed of generating answers could be one of the most accurate tests
cause cortex is just a blanket to keep the basal ganglia warm
January 2, 2026 at 11:55 AM
cause cortex is just a blanket to keep the basal ganglia warm
This could be driven by more ventral populations (PKCy cells around lamina II/III border and CCK cells). These populations could be providing LT input to more superficial populations through disinhibition of deep dorsal horn populations and PV neurons. /26
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
This could be driven by more ventral populations (PKCy cells around lamina II/III border and CCK cells). These populations could be providing LT input to more superficial populations through disinhibition of deep dorsal horn populations and PV neurons. /26
One of them is that it is caused by disinhibition and loss of inhibitory neural activity, another theory suggests that LTP and subsequent sensitization of excitatory pathways. It seems like only excitatory superficial neurons change their responses to LT stimuli after Caps application. /25
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
One of them is that it is caused by disinhibition and loss of inhibitory neural activity, another theory suggests that LTP and subsequent sensitization of excitatory pathways. It seems like only excitatory superficial neurons change their responses to LT stimuli after Caps application. /25
Lamina II neuronal populations (TRHR and CHRM3) seem to mediate separate aspects of allodynia while lamina I interneurons (TACR1) combine both LT-sensitization and enlargement of the receptive field and convey it to the brain. There are a couple suggested mechanisms explaining allodynia. /24
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
Lamina II neuronal populations (TRHR and CHRM3) seem to mediate separate aspects of allodynia while lamina I interneurons (TACR1) combine both LT-sensitization and enlargement of the receptive field and convey it to the brain. There are a couple suggested mechanisms explaining allodynia. /24
On the other hand TACR1, TRHR and CHRM3 neurons contribute to allodynia-like responses. TRPV1-expressing primary afferents target the most superficial aspects of DH and release SP and CGRP, affecting TACR1-TACR3 neurons. These neurons are polymodal and have the largest receptive fields. /23
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
On the other hand TACR1, TRHR and CHRM3 neurons contribute to allodynia-like responses. TRPV1-expressing primary afferents target the most superficial aspects of DH and release SP and CGRP, affecting TACR1-TACR3 neurons. These neurons are polymodal and have the largest receptive fields. /23
Also almost 72% of WDR SPBs were responsive to CICADA agonists compared to LT(40%) and HT(0%). It is suggestive that capsaicin induced allodynia may be conveyed through TACR1 WDR neurons and some HT SPB neurons. In general it was shown that TACR3/1 population immediately respond to capsaicin. /22
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
Also almost 72% of WDR SPBs were responsive to CICADA agonists compared to LT(40%) and HT(0%). It is suggestive that capsaicin induced allodynia may be conveyed through TACR1 WDR neurons and some HT SPB neurons. In general it was shown that TACR3/1 population immediately respond to capsaicin. /22
As for PB projection neurons, it seemed like they were tuned more to LT responses after capsaicin application. Overall SPBs in this study were divided into WDR(wide-dynamic range), HT(high threshold range) and LT(low threshold range) subpopulations. Both HT and WBR neurons attuned more to LT./21
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
As for PB projection neurons, it seemed like they were tuned more to LT responses after capsaicin application. Overall SPBs in this study were divided into WDR(wide-dynamic range), HT(high threshold range) and LT(low threshold range) subpopulations. Both HT and WBR neurons attuned more to LT./21
TACR1 receptive fields were also considerably increased, and, interestingly, their heat sensitivity also was reduced. Since the responses of TACR1 cells were similar to both TRHR and CHRM3 neurons its possible that they integrate the two into mediating allodynia responses. /20
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
TACR1 receptive fields were also considerably increased, and, interestingly, their heat sensitivity also was reduced. Since the responses of TACR1 cells were similar to both TRHR and CHRM3 neurons its possible that they integrate the two into mediating allodynia responses. /20
The third population showing Caps-induced changes was TACR1. Under normal conditions it showed an equal preference for heat and HT stimuli. After Caps application TACR1 neurons tuned more towards LT stimuli, which may mean that LT signals may start being interpreted as nociceptive by these cells./19
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
The third population showing Caps-induced changes was TACR1. Under normal conditions it showed an equal preference for heat and HT stimuli. After Caps application TACR1 neurons tuned more towards LT stimuli, which may mean that LT signals may start being interpreted as nociceptive by these cells./19
CHRM3 is mostly a silent population, but after injection of capsaicin they show increased activity across all modalities, and they also increase their receptive field almost 4-fold. TRHR showed increased responses only to LT mechanical stimuli, but there was not change in receptor field size. /18
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
CHRM3 is mostly a silent population, but after injection of capsaicin they show increased activity across all modalities, and they also increase their receptive field almost 4-fold. TRHR showed increased responses only to LT mechanical stimuli, but there was not change in receptor field size. /18
Three populations of neurons showed a significant increase in the proportion of cells that responded to LT stimuli after capsaicin application: TACR1(substance P responding), TRHR(thyrotropin hormone receptor) and CHRM3(muscarinic receptors). The largest change was in CHRM3 population./16
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
Three populations of neurons showed a significant increase in the proportion of cells that responded to LT stimuli after capsaicin application: TACR1(substance P responding), TRHR(thyrotropin hormone receptor) and CHRM3(muscarinic receptors). The largest change was in CHRM3 population./16
In this article it was shown that excitatory neurons that showed increased Ca activity in response to capsaicin were restricted to a medio-lateral band in DN. These were substance P responding neurons, untuned polymodal neuronal population from the first lamina. /15
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
In this article it was shown that excitatory neurons that showed increased Ca activity in response to capsaicin were restricted to a medio-lateral band in DN. These were substance P responding neurons, untuned polymodal neuronal population from the first lamina. /15
There were relatively equal amounts of cells in each CICADA group. Lamina I showed a greater degree of polymodality than deeper lamina. Capsaicin was shown to cause burning pain and mechanical allodynia after injections. This sensitization is considered to be a central phenomena. /14
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
There were relatively equal amounts of cells in each CICADA group. Lamina I showed a greater degree of polymodality than deeper lamina. Capsaicin was shown to cause burning pain and mechanical allodynia after injections. This sensitization is considered to be a central phenomena. /14
These responses varied between lamina. K-means clustering was performed based on these responses and the analyses yielded 7 types of neurons. It looked like each group was specific to one type of ligand and also was located at a certain depth within the DH./13
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
These responses varied between lamina. K-means clustering was performed based on these responses and the analyses yielded 7 types of neurons. It looked like each group was specific to one type of ligand and also was located at a certain depth within the DH./13
Those were oxotremorine M(Oxo.) (CHRM3 receptor agonist), gastrin releasing peptide (GRPR receptoragonist), taltirelin (TRHR receptor), neuromedinB (NMB), cholecystokinin (CCRBR receptor), substance P, oxytocin and neurokinin B (agonist for TACR3). ~25% neurons responded to 1 or more ligands. /12
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
Those were oxotremorine M(Oxo.) (CHRM3 receptor agonist), gastrin releasing peptide (GRPR receptoragonist), taltirelin (TRHR receptor), neuromedinB (NMB), cholecystokinin (CCRBR receptor), substance P, oxytocin and neurokinin B (agonist for TACR3). ~25% neurons responded to 1 or more ligands. /12
(CICADA or Cell-type Identification by Ca2+coupled Activity through Drug activation). First, TTX was used to block action potentials and network responses, so Ca was only IP3-mediated from internal stores. Initially, 15 agonists were selected based on RNAseq studies. 8 of them showed Ca responses/11
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
(CICADA or Cell-type Identification by Ca2+coupled Activity through Drug activation). First, TTX was used to block action potentials and network responses, so Ca was only IP3-mediated from internal stores. Initially, 15 agonists were selected based on RNAseq studies. 8 of them showed Ca responses/11
The high threshold stimuli had a greater receptive field size than the low threshold ones. Also neurons on the surface of DH (lamina I) had larger receptie fields than the deeper neurons. To identify 7 different excitatory subpopulations types of GPCRs agonists were applied /10
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
The high threshold stimuli had a greater receptive field size than the low threshold ones. Also neurons on the surface of DH (lamina I) had larger receptie fields than the deeper neurons. To identify 7 different excitatory subpopulations types of GPCRs agonists were applied /10
It was also shown that cells in DH are organized somatotopically. Stimulation of proximal skin activates more lateral neurons in the DH, and distally skin activated neurons are more medial. It was also shown that receptive cells of individual excitatory neurons are affected by stimulus intensity. /9
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
It was also shown that cells in DH are organized somatotopically. Stimulation of proximal skin activates more lateral neurons in the DH, and distally skin activated neurons are more medial. It was also shown that receptive cells of individual excitatory neurons are affected by stimulus intensity. /9
Out of cells responding to cutaneous stimuli, 86% responded to mechanical, 58% to heat, 28% to cold. Among SPB 100% responded to mechanical, 52% to heat and 47% to cold, indicating a higher degree of modality convergence. It was shown that cells show tuning preferences across cardinal modalities./8
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
Out of cells responding to cutaneous stimuli, 86% responded to mechanical, 58% to heat, 28% to cold. Among SPB 100% responded to mechanical, 52% to heat and 47% to cold, indicating a higher degree of modality convergence. It was shown that cells show tuning preferences across cardinal modalities./8
Cells from lamina I, IIo and III were imaged under a 2-photon scope, and a total of 2914 cells were recorded with 300 excitatory and 6-8 SPB neurons. Different types of neurons were identified based on their Ca transients in response to light brushing and series of mechanical and thermal stimuli. /7
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
Cells from lamina I, IIo and III were imaged under a 2-photon scope, and a total of 2914 cells were recorded with 300 excitatory and 6-8 SPB neurons. Different types of neurons were identified based on their Ca transients in response to light brushing and series of mechanical and thermal stimuli. /7
were dissected in continuum, so that the Ca imaging from superficial dorsal horn neurons could be performed after sensory input to the skin. GCaMP6 was expressed in Vglut2 neurons, and SPB neurons were labeled from the lateral PB using red DiI. GCaMP6 was confirmed in excitatory neurons with FISH./6
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
were dissected in continuum, so that the Ca imaging from superficial dorsal horn neurons could be performed after sensory input to the skin. GCaMP6 was expressed in Vglut2 neurons, and SPB neurons were labeled from the lateral PB using red DiI. GCaMP6 was confirmed in excitatory neurons with FISH./6
but central sensitization after this application lasts for hours. Two main features of this sensitization is that low-threshold stimuli result in pain and that the area of allodynia is much larger than the capsaicin affected area of the skin. In this ex vivo prep spinal cord, nerves and skin, /5
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
but central sensitization after this application lasts for hours. Two main features of this sensitization is that low-threshold stimuli result in pain and that the area of allodynia is much larger than the capsaicin affected area of the skin. In this ex vivo prep spinal cord, nerves and skin, /5
However, it is agreed upon that sensitization is probably a result of disruption in the excitation/inhibition balance, loss of inhibitory tone, or sensitization of excitatory pathways (including SPB or spinoparabrachial neurons). Application of capsaicin results in burning pain that lasts minutes,/4
September 23, 2025 at 10:51 PM
However, it is agreed upon that sensitization is probably a result of disruption in the excitation/inhibition balance, loss of inhibitory tone, or sensitization of excitatory pathways (including SPB or spinoparabrachial neurons). Application of capsaicin results in burning pain that lasts minutes,/4