Meta-analyses report small to moderate effect sizes or inconsistent associations (usually around r = -0.10) between wellbeing (WB) and social media use (SMU) and between anxious-depressive symptoms (ADS) and SMU (also around r = 0.10). This study employs the classical twin design, utilizing data from 6492 individuals from the Netherlands Twin Register, including 3369 MZ twins (893 complete twin pairs, 1583 incomplete twin pairs) and 3123 DZ twins (445 complete, 2233 incomplete) to provide insights into the sources of overlap between WB/ADS and SMU. Both hedonic and eudaimonic WB scales were used. SMU was measured by (1) the time spent on different social media platforms (SMUt), (2) the frequency of posting on social media (SMUf), and (3) the number of social media accounts individuals have (SMUn). Our results confirmed the low phenotypic correlations between WB and SMU (between r = -0.09 and 0.04) as well as between ADS and SMU (between r = 0.07 and 0.10). For SMU, heritability estimates between 32 and 72% were obtained. The small but significant phenotypic correlations between WB/ADS and the SMU phenotypes were mainly determined by genetic factors (in the range of 80-90%). For WB and SMU, genetic correlations were between -0.10 and -0.0, and for ADS and SMU genetic correlations were between 0.10 and 0.23. Genetic correlations implied limited but statistically significant sets of genes that affect WB/ADS and SMU levels. Overall, the results indicate that there is evidence that the small associations between WB/ADS and SMU are partly driven by overlapping genetic influences. We encourage researchers and experts to consider more personalized approaches when considering the association between WB and SMU, as well as understanding the reasons for individuals’ observed SMU levels.

A study of several longitudinal birth cohorts and cross-sectional cohorts finds only moderate overlap in genetic variants between autism that is diagnosed earlier and that diagnosed later, so they may represent aetiologically different conditions.

This chapter explores the fundamentals and recent advancements of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and its primary application, tractography. Both have become indispensable in the research arena and are currently being integrated into the clinical world, especially...

Recent decades have substantiated the understanding that the function of language relies on an elaborate network of not only cortical but also subcortical structures of the human brain. Therefore, efforts have been made in the neurosurgical field to delineate and...

Author summary Face-to-face communication is complex: what we say is coupled with bodily signals, offset in time, which may or may not work in concert to convey meaning. Yet, the brain rapidly determi...

Word frequency (WF) and name agreement (NA) affect a word’s accessibility during speech production. Speakers are faster to name pictures with high-frequency (e....

Speech is highly variable in rate, challenging the perception of sound contrasts that are dependent on duration. Listeners deal with such variability by perceiving incoming speech relative to the rate in the surrounding context. For instance, the same ambiguous vowel is more likely to be perceived as being long when embedded in a fast sentence, but as short when embedded in a slow sentence. However, it is still debated to what extent domain-general and domain-specific mechanisms (i.e., language- or speech-specific mechanisms) contribute to rate-dependent perception. Here we examined the role of domain-specific mechanisms in an implicit rate-normalization task in which we manipulated linguistic knowledge about how many syllables words have. Dutch participants were presented with lists of Dutch words that were acoustically ambiguous with regard to having one or two syllables (e.g., /k?ˈlɔm/ can be monosyllabic klom, /klɔm/, or bisyllabic kolom, /ko.ˈlɔm/). While being presented with these ambiguous word lists, they saw monosyllabic or bisyllabic transcriptions of the lists on the screen. We predicted that the same acoustic stimulus would be perceived as faster (more syllables per second) when combined with bisyllabic orthography compared to monosyllabic orthography. In turn, this would lead to downstream influences on vowel length perception in target words embedded within the word lists (rate-dependent perception of Dutch /ɑ/ vs./ /aː/). Despite evidence of successful orthographic disambiguation of the ambiguous word lists, we did not find evidence that linguistic knowledge influenced participants’ rate-dependent perception. Our results are best accounted for by a domain-general account of rate-dependent perception.

Impaired musical rhythm abilities and developmental speech-language related disorders are biologically and clinically intertwined. Here, the authors explore the correlation between the two traits, finding evidence of epidemiological associations and genetic overlap.

Literacy is a significant predictor of important life outcomes, such as attained education and income (Ritchie and Bates in Psychol Sci 24(7):1301–1308, 2013. 10.1177/0956797612466268) yet difficulties in reading and spelling are common. Both genetic and environmental factors account for individual differences in reading and spelling abilities (Little et al. in Behav Genet 47:52–76, 2017. 10.1007/s10519-016-9810-6), but there is some evidence that genetic factors can be moderated by environmental factors, many of which relate to differences in socio-economic status (SES). Studies in the US indicate that the heritability of reading and spelling abilities is higher in higher SES environments (Hart et al. in J Child Psychol Psychiatry 54(10):1047–1055, 2013. 10.1111/jcpp.12083; Friend et al. in Psychol Sci 19(11), 2008. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02213.x). Because countries differ in terms of factors such as education access and social mobility, the genetics (or simply gene) x SES interaction may or may not be present in other populations. Here, we utilise summary statistics from a well-powered genome-wide association study on dyslexia (Doust et al. in Nat Genet 54:1621–1629, 2022. 10.1038/s41588-022-01192-y) to construct polygenic indices in two cohorts of children/adolescents in Australia (N = 1315) and the United Kingdom (N = 5461 at age 7; N = 4306 at age 16), and test whether the effect of measured genes on variation in reading ability is moderated by family SES. While polygenic indices and SES both showed statistically significant effects on reading and spelling performance, no interaction effect was found. These results are contrary to results of some twin studies in the United States that have found an interaction effect. Yet, these findings support the broader literature on gene x SES interaction that mostly report no such interaction in other cognitive traits outside the United States suggesting country differences in how strongly SES relates to education quality.

Abstract. Prosody not only distinguishes “lexical” meaning but also plays a key role in information packaging by highlighting the most relevant constituent of the discourse, namely, “focus” informatio...

Online experimentation has become an essential tool in cognitive psychology, offering access to diverse participant samples. However, remote testing introduc...

Max Planck Research Groups have been a key part of support of junior scientists for over 50 years. They provide postdocs with a first-rate support to help them on their scientific career paths – the a...