I would say that a measurement (in a broad sense) is data. Oddly, the etymology of data comes from “givens”, but it’s more accurate to see data as “takens” (capta). Here’s an article I wrote a few years back: www.thenewatlantis.com/publications...

“Dr. Erickson cautioned that these results are observational, so it’s possible that another factor explains the connection between physical activity, cognition and tau.”

Thanks, lots of fun!

Here’s a good paper on selection bias: journals.lww.com/epidem/fullt... (with a free pdf link at the bottom of the page)

It’s the uncertainty principle, you see

If you'll be my bodyguard
I can be your long lost pal
I can call you Betty
And Betty, when you call me
You can call me AL

Always a good time to rewatch this speech. I forgot she called out the publishers for charging libraries so much for ebooks. Sad she’s gone, but happy she left us with so much fantastic work to discuss and think about at every read.