⤓ Download a transcript of the Episode as a PDF // → Subscribe ## Special Episode This episode is a live recording of _The Doctrine of Christian Discovery, The Jesuits, and Laudato si: Defending Mother Earth_ an educational event that took place on Saturday, June 14, 2025 from 1:00-4:00PM. This event seredepitiously coincided with the #NoKings protests which were happening across the nation. The event at the Skä•noñh &emdash; Great Law of Peace Center focused on the Doctrine of Discovery, the Jesuits, and Laudato Si. Speakers discussed the Thanksgiving address, emphasizing gratitude and respect for nature. Philip P. Arnold highlighted the Jesuits’ role in colonization and the need for Jesuit institutions to address their history. Christiana Zenner and Kim Carfore stressed the importance of indigenous knowledge and environmental justice. Oren Lyons and Jake Edwards underscored the significance of the Great Tree of Peace and the need for world peace. The discussion concluded with a call for Jesuit institutions to educate on their historical impact and promote reconciliation. The discussion centers on the challenges faced by Native American communities in preserving their traditions and sovereignty. Speakers highlight the impact of colonial hierarchies and the suppression of indigenous practices. They emphasize the importance of language revitalization, food sovereignty, and traditional practices. Historical accounts of forced assimilation, such as the Sullivan Clinton campaign of 1779, are recounted, illustrating the violent suppression of Native cultures. The conversation also touches on the significance of treaties, the role of Christian missionaries, and the need for land return to foster environmental and cultural healing. ## Show Notes: This special podcast episode explores the Doctrine of Christian Discovery and its impacts on Indigenous peoples, particularly the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy. It features perspectives from Onondaga Nation elders Jake Edwards and Oren Lyons, who share the Haudenosaunee worldview centered on gratitude, responsibility, and environmental stewardship. The conversation also includes insights from academics and researchers examining the historical and ongoing legacy of Christian colonialism, the role of Jesuit institutions, and the need to reconcile this history and empower traditional indigenous practices. The discussion emphasizes the importance of listening, learning, and shifting power dynamics to support Indigenous sovereignty and environmental justice. ### Outline The Haudenosaunee Thanksgiving Address opens our minds to profound gratitude for all living beings and establishes our responsibilities to Mother Earth. Jake Edwards shares how environmental justice begins with gratitude and acknowledging the original instructions given to all parts of creation. * The Thanksgiving Address honors the interconnected responsibilities of all beings – from plants and animals to waters and winds * What we do today must not negatively affect seven generations to come * Onondaga Lake is the birthplace of democracy and the Great Tree of Peace * Indigenous communities have survived attempts at genocide but now face environmental threats affecting all humanity * Colonial institutions displaced indigenous knowledge systems that held sustainable relationships with the land * Climate change represents a “compound effect” that will continue worsening * Returning land to indigenous stewardship is the most direct path to environmental healing * The Great Tree of Peace symbolizes that peace, equity, and union form the foundation of Haudenosaunee values * Academic institutions should recognize their role in colonial history and work toward repair * Return the land without question to who it belongs to. Then you’ll get your answers to a better environment. ## Guest List * Jake Haiwhagai’i Edwards * Faithkeeper Oren Lyons * Philip P. Arnold * Sandy Bigtree * Christiana Zenner * Kimberly Carfore * Richard J. Callahan, Jr. ### Additional Resources: * The Thanksiving Addresss: Or the Words that Come Before All Else * Order a Copy from the Tracking Project * The Skä·noñh—Great Law of Peace Center * The Indigenous Values Initiative ## Credits * **Music** : Onondaga Social Dance songs performed by Orris Edwards and Regis Cook * **Producers** : Jordan Loewen-Colón and Adam DJ Brett * **Show notes** : Adam DJ Brett ## Citation Philip P. Arnold and Sandra Bigtree, “S06E01: Defending Mother Earth from The Doctrine of Christian Discovery #NoKings: A conversation at the Skanonh Great Law of Peace Center,” _Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery_ (Podcast), May 19, 2025. https://podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org/season5/episode-08/.

⤓ Download a transcript of the Episode as a PDF // → Subscribe ## Teaching Uncomfortable History: The Doctrine of Discovery an interview with Dr. Holly Rhine In this final episode of Season 5 of the _Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery_ podcast, Professors Philip Arnold and Sandy Bigtree sit down with Dr. Holly Rine of Le Moyne College for a powerful conversation about teaching the Doctrine of Discovery in Jesuit institutions. The Doctrine of Discovery—a legal and theological framework that justified the seizure of Indigenous lands—remains a critical, if uncomfortable, topic in contemporary education. Dr. Rine shares her experiences teaching at a Jesuit college with deep historical ties to colonial missions and the Haudenosaunee. As the first person hired to teach Native American history at Le Moyne, she reflects on how few students initially knew about the Doctrine and how deeply they are impacted once they learn it. Many express shock and curiosity, leading to creative public history projects like student-made podcasts and QR code campus tours exploring colonial legacies. The episode underscores the importance of confronting colonial narratives embedded in sources like the Jesuit Relations. Rine and her students examine these documents with a critical eye, asking why they were written, who they were for, and how they shaped distorted perceptions of Indigenous peoples. The conversation brings into focus the contrast between patriarchal European worldviews and the matrilineal, consensus-based governance of the Haudenosaunee. The hosts and guest also explore Onondaga Lake as both sacred and contested space. Rine’s work emphasizes the environmental degradation of this site and challenges listeners to think about how memory, land, and law intersect. The Wampum Belts, including the Two Row and the Hiawatha Belt, are presented as living records that counter Western historical frameworks, reminding us of enduring Indigenous law and relational governance. Finally, the discussion turns to justice and reconciliation. Participants question whether true reconciliation is even possible without recognition of historical and ongoing harm. They highlight how Indigenous frameworks offer different ways of understanding history—not as distant and fixed, but as present and relational. This episode is a clear call to educators, students, and listeners: we must teach the Doctrine of Discovery not as distant history but as part of our shared and ongoing present. And we must do so in collaboration with the Indigenous communities whose voices and laws continue to be sidelined. ## Show Notes: ### Topics Covered: * What the Doctrine of Discovery is and why it still matters * The challenge of teaching at a Jesuit institution with colonial ties * How students respond to learning this history and participate in public history projects * Analyzing biased colonial documents like the Jesuit Relations * Sacred space and contested memory at Onondaga Lake * The living significance of Wampum Belts and Indigenous worldviews * Critical thinking as a necessary tool for historical education * The limits of reconciliation without justice or restored relationships ### Additional Resources: * Rine, H. A. (2023). Onondaga Lake as Sacred Space and Contested Space. _Review of International American Studies_ , _16_(1), 187–221. https://doi.org/10.31261/rias.13185 * The Skä·noñh—Great Law of Peace Center * The Indigenous Values Initiative ## Credits * **Music** : Onondaga Social Dance songs performed by Orris Edwards and Regis Cook * **Producers** : Jordan Loewen-Colón and Adam DJ Brett * **Show notes** : Adam DJ Brett ## Citation Philip P. Arnold and Sandra Bigtree, “S05E08: Teaching Uncomfortable History: The Doctrine of Discovery an interview with Holly Rhine,” _Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery_ (Podcast), May 19, 2025. https://podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org/season5/episode-08/.

⤓ Download a transcript of the Episode as a PDF // → Subscribe In Season 5, Episode 7 of the _Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery_ podcast, Dr. Yuria Celidwen discusses the importance of Indigenous wisdom for planetary healing. She introduces herself as a “truth bearer” from the Maya Bats’ik’op tradition and explains how her cultural background and academic work seek to bridge Indigenous sciences with Western systems. Celidwen critiques dominant Western approaches to knowledge, particularly in contemplative and mindfulness studies, which often extract and commodify non-Western spiritual practices while stripping them of their communal and ethical foundations. Celidwen outlines how Indigenous practices are deeply tied to land, community, and a sense of sacred interconnection among all beings—what she calls the “more than human world.” She highlights the danger of secularizing or individualizing spiritual practices, such as mindfulness, which originated in communal, relational contexts. These Western adaptations often ignore the historical trauma and ongoing marginalization of Indigenous peoples, reducing rich traditions to wellness tools for privileged individuals. The conversation critiques how religious and spiritual movements in the West, particularly in the “Burned-Over District” of upstate New York, often grew alongside Indigenous dispossession. Celidwen and the hosts emphasize how the Doctrine of Discovery and its theological roots helped justify land theft and cultural erasure. They argue that recovering and respecting Indigenous histories and worldviews is necessary for healing—not just for Indigenous peoples, but for all who live on the planet. Throughout the episode, Celidwen speaks to the role of metaphor, poetry, and embodied experience in Indigenous knowledge systems. She contrasts this with Western science’s tendency to isolate and objectify. She emphasizes that Indigenous wisdom is not less rigorous, but rather holistic—engaging emotion, ritual, and responsibility to community. True healing, she argues, involves active participation in collective life, not retreat into personal well-being. Finally, the conversation closes with a call to support Indigenous communities and their traditions, not as relics of the past, but as living systems with the power to guide us toward a more balanced and compassionate future. Celidwen urges listeners to embrace the responsibilities of kinship and co-creation, grounded in reverence for life and the Earth. ## Resources * Dr. Yuria Celidwen website * _Flourishing Kin: Indigenous Wisdom for Collective Well-Being: Indigenous Wisdom for Collective Well-Being_ ## Credits * **Music** : Onondaga Social Dance songs performed by Orris Edwards and Regis Cook * **Producers** : Jordan Loewen-Colón and Adam DJ Brett * **Show notes** : Adam DJ Brett ## Citation Philip P. Arnold and Sandra Bigtree, “S05E07: Indigenous Wisdom for Planetary Healing with Yuria Celidwen,” _Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery_ (Podcast), March 26, 2025. https://podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org/season5/episode-07/.

⤓ Download a transcript of the Episode as a PDF // → Subscribe ## Introduction We begin this episode with a land acknowledgement. Welcome to the Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery podcast, hosted by Philip P. Arnold and Sandy Bigtree. In this compelling episode, we are honored to welcome Steven J. Schwartzberg as our special guest. Schwartzberg, an accomplished political science instructor at DePaul University and author of _Arguments Over Genocide: The War of Words in the Congress and the Supreme Court over Cherokee Removal_, brings a profound perspective to the discussion. This episode delves into the historical roots and the ongoing impact of the Doctrine of Christian Discovery, tracing its origins from Catholic papal bulls to its adoption by Protestant colonial powers and its enduring influence on American law through the pivotal decisions of Chief Justice John Marshall. Together, the hosts and guest examine how this doctrine justified the subjugation and dispossession of Indigenous peoples, its intersections with Christian nationalism and states’ rights, and the implications for contemporary struggles over tribal sovereignty and justice. Join us as we explore the pathways toward healing and the critical call for recognizing and addressing the legacies of this unjust history. * The discussion explores the Doctrine of Christian Discovery and its lasting impact on Indigenous peoples in the United States. It traces how this doctrine, rooted in Catholic papal bulls and later adopted by Protestant colonial powers, has shaped American law and national identity through figures like Chief Justice John Marshall. * The speakers argue that the Doctrine of Christian Discovery represents a false and violent universalism that has been used to justify the domination and genocide of Indigenous nations. They contrast this with the more egalitarian, interconnected worldviews and governance structures of many Indigenous peoples. * The discussion highlights how the impacts of the Doctrine of Christian Discovery persist today through ongoing issues like Christian nationalism, states’ rights, and the denial of tribal sovereignty. The speakers call for a reckoning with the grief and injustice caused by this history, as a pathway towards more just and equitable relations. ## Show Notes _Arguments Over Genocide: The War of Words in the Congress and the Supreme Court over Cherokee Removal_ by Steven J. Schwartzberg. The latest episode of our podcast, “Unveiling the Doctrine of Discovery: Historical Injustice and Pathways to Healing,” delves into the profound and often overlooked impact of the Doctrine of Discovery on Indigenous peoples and the legacy it has left in shaping U.S. history and society. This episode is enriched by the insights of Steve Schwartzberg, a political science instructor and former Congressional candidate, who provides a compelling narrative on the intertwining of historical doctrines, legal supremacy, and modern injustices. One of the central themes discussed in the episode is the enduring influence of the Doctrine of Discovery, a concept rooted in the 15th-century papal bulls that sanctioned Christian European nations to claim non-Christian lands. This doctrine laid the groundwork for the systematic disenfranchisement of Indigenous peoples, an issue that continues to echo through legal and political frameworks today. The episode explores how figures like Chief Justice John Marshall perpetuated these injustices through pivotal court decisions, which continue to impact Native American sovereignty and rights. The discussion is further deepened by examining the role of Christian theology in the perpetuation of these doctrines. The podcast scrutinizes the exclusionary practices embedded in Christian theology, contrasting them with Indigenous perspectives on divinity and interconnectedness. This juxtaposition invites listeners to reassess the implications of religious rhetoric that has historically justified oppression and violence, offering a counter-narrative that emphasizes harmony and respect for all relations. The episode also sheds light on the interplay between historical and modern political themes, drawing parallels between past and present struggles for justice. By analyzing the 1830s debates on states’ rights and Native American treaties, the conversation critiques the moral depravity that allowed for the marginalization and genocide of Native Nations. This historical context provides a lens through which to view current political issues, highlighting the persistence of these challenges in modern America. In a poignant exploration of grief and healing, the episode draws inspiration from the Onondaga Nation’s practices, emphasizing the transformative power of acknowledging historical injustices. This perspective encourages a shift from guilt to love and interconnectedness, suggesting that true reconciliation can only be achieved through genuine relationships with one another and the earth. By confronting historical myths and manipulations, such as those surrounding figures like Columbus, the episode advocates for a more inclusive and understanding future. Throughout the episode, the conversation with Steve Schwartzberg offers a personal touch, as he shares his motivations for advocating issues like Medicare for All and tribal sovereignty during his Congressional campaign. His insights provide a bridge between historical analysis and modern advocacy, illustrating how individuals can contribute to the broader movement for justice and reconciliation. In summary, this podcast episode invites listeners to embark on a journey of understanding and reflection, challenging them to confront historical injustices and explore pathways to healing. By revisiting past doctrines and their modern implications, the episode offers hope for a future grounded in inclusivity, respect, and interconnectedness. It serves as a call to action for all who seek to create a more just and equitable world, rooted in the recognition of our shared humanity and the enduring legacy of the past. ## Resources Steven J. Schwartzberg, _Arguments Over Genocide: The War of Words in the Congress and the Supreme Court over Cherokee Removal_ , Cambridge: Ethics Press, 2023. ISBN: 9781804411070. Buy Now * Philip P. Arnold and Sandra Bigtree, “Ten Religious Themes of the Doctrine of Christian Discovery (DoCD) that Contrast with Indigenous Values,” Doctrine of Discovery Project (26 September 2022), https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/10-religous-dimensions/. * Philip P. Arnold, _The Urgency of Indigenous Values_ , (Syracuse: SU Press, 2023), [https://press.syr.edu/supressbooks/5835/urgency-of- Indigenous-values-the/](https://press.syr.edu/supressbooks/5835/urgency-of- Indigenous-values-the/) * Vine Deloria Jr. * _God Is Red: A Native View of Religion_ * _Behind the Trail of Broken Treaties: An Indian Declaration of Independence_ * _Custer Died For Your Sins_ * _Power and Place: Indian Education in America_ * _Red Earth, White Lies: Native Americans and the Myth of Scientific Fact_ * _Spirit and Reason: The Vine Deloria, Jr. Reader_ * _The World We Used to Live In: Remembering the Powers of the Medicine Men_ ## Credits * **Music** : Onondaga Social Dance songs performed by Orris Edwards and Regis Cook * **Producers** : Jordan Loewen-Colón and Adam DJ Brett * **Show notes** : Adam DJ Brett ## Citation Philip P. Arnold and Sandra Bigtree, “S05E04: Unveiling the Doctrine of Discovery: Historical Injustice and Pathways to Healing with Steven J. Schwartzberg,” _Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery_ (Podcast), September 02, 2024. https://podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org/season5/episode-04/.

⤓ Download a transcript of the Episode as a PDF // → Subscribe ## Introduction We begin this episode with a land acknowledgement. In this episode of the Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery podcast, hosts Phil Arnold and Sandy Bigtree interview Soulforce. Welcome to this episode of our podcast, where we explore the powerful work of Soulforce, an organization committed to challenging and dismantling systems of religious and political oppression targeting LGBTQ and marginalized communities. For 25 years, Soulforce has actively deconstructed the roots of white Christian supremacy, revealing how Christianity has historically been co-opted as a tool for colonization and domination. Join us as we speak with leaders from Soulforce to understand their approach to reclaiming spirituality, empowering grassroots movements, and fostering healing among those impacted by spiritual violence. We’ll dive into their current projects, including their advocacy work and upcoming international initiatives, to shed light on the transformative journey from oppression to liberation. ## Production note One of our producers was having technical difficulties so the audio is rather soft. We apologize for this error. The episode is still really important and our guests are incredible. Please turn the audio up and take a listen. ## Show Notes ### Overview * Soulforce is an organization that has been working for 25 years to end political and religious discrimination and oppression of LGBTQ people. They take a multifaceted approach, including public actions, theological work, and grassroots community engagement. * A key focus of Soulforce’s work is addressing the roots of “White Christian supremacy” - how Christianity has been used as a tool of colonization, domination, and oppression of marginalized communities, including Indigenous peoples. They aim to “sabotage” this weaponized Christianity. * This involves deconstructing the history and ideology behind the co-opting of Christianity for colonial and imperialist agendas, as well as creating space for reclaiming spirituality and faith on the terms of marginalized communities. * Soulforce works with diverse populations, including LGBTQ Christians, Latin American faith communities, Indigenous peoples, and more, to address the trauma and violence of “spiritual violence” and to imagine liberative spiritual practices. * Upcoming initiatives include a conference in Mexico City bringing together Latin American feminist and queer theologians, and the publication of a resource book on concepts like “Christian supremacy” and “spiritual violence” for a US audience. What is a Serpent Dove ## Detailed Notes What if the very religion that once oppressed your ancestors could also be your path to liberation? This thought-provoking question sets the stage for a compelling episode of our podcast, “Reclaiming Faith: Dismantling White Christian Supremacy and Healing Through Indigenous Spirituality.” In this episode, we engage with representatives from Soulforce—Reverend Alba Onofrio, Nadia Arellano, and Karina Vargas—in a deep and powerful conversation about dismantling white Christian supremacy and Christian nationalism. The episode opens with an introduction to the complex challenges posed by white Christian supremacy and Christian nationalism, particularly within the context of Native American Indigenous Studies and broader religious studies. The guests share their personal journeys and the mission of Soulforce, highlighting their efforts to reclaim and reframe religious narratives to include queer and feminist perspectives. The discussion reflects on a recent gathering at Syracuse University, emphasizing the importance of community and continuous dialogue in addressing these pressing issues. As the conversation progresses, we delve into the intricate relationship between Christianity and Indigenous spirituality. The episode examines how religion, once a tool of colonialism, can now be reclaimed as a source of liberation and healing. As a queer Christian minister engaged in earth-based healing practices, I share my personal journey of reconciling these aspects while recognizing the historical harms caused by Christianity. We discuss the significance of demystifying and decoding religious systems of domination, particularly in the context of activism and academia working together to understand their origins and impacts. The discussion also highlights movements like eco-spirituality and groups reconnecting with Indigenous and Celtic spirituality as part of a broader effort to heal and reclaim our relationship with the land. The exploration of the Doctrine of Discovery and its ongoing impact is a crucial part of the episode. We reflect on how historical strategies of colonization continue to shape and harm Indigenous and marginalized communities. Highlighting the work of Soulforce, we discuss the challenges of translating complex social science concepts into accessible language for diverse audiences, including those grappling with religious trauma. Emphasizing empathy and understanding, we underscore the importance of addressing ideological colonization and developing strategies to support survivors of violence. This segment sheds light on the profound, generational trauma rooted in fear and guilt imposed by religious colonization and underscores the necessity of healing and dismantling these oppressive systems. A significant portion of the episode is dedicated to the liberating effects of understanding the Doctrine of Discovery and its historical context. We explore the pervasive and intimate nature of spiritual violence, discussing how it is embedded in institutions and personal relationships. Nadia highlights the complexities of these issues, particularly in the context of workshops held in Quito, Ecuador, with diverse groups including pastors, sex workers, and Indigenous midwives. Despite their devout Catholic faith, these individuals recognize and relate to the trauma discussed. The conversation underscores the importance of acknowledging and navigating the intertwined systemic and personal dimensions of spiritual and cultural trauma. The episode also delves into the intricate dynamics of working with Latinx and Indigenous communities, particularly in the context of historical and ongoing spiritual violence perpetuated by Christian institutions. We discuss the complexities of faith within Latinx populations in the US South, who grapple with deep-rooted religious beliefs and the pain inflicted by exclusionary doctrines. The historical impact of Christianity on Indigenous communities is highlighted, showing how colonialism and religious mandates disrupted ancient traditions and communal practices. The recent apology by US Catholic bishops for their role in Native American boarding schools is examined, raising questions about the church’s intentions and the pressures from affected communities. The importance of creating spaces where people can safely question religious authority and reclaim their spiritual practices is emphasized, advocating for a more inclusive and respectful approach to spirituality that honors diverse traditions. In the final segments, we discuss the extensive spiritual resource library available at Soulforce.org, focusing on theological resources addressing gender and sexuality issues within a Christian context. We highlight translations of these resources into local languages, including efforts in Southern Africa and Spanish-speaking regions, emphasizing the historical context and interpretive decisions behind biblical texts. A significant 150-page book, currently in Spanish, covering topics such as Christian supremacy, spiritual violence, and paths to healing, is discussed, with plans for an English adaptation. Additionally, we preview an upcoming October gathering in Mexico City, bringing together Latin American, feminist, and queer theologians to address weaponized religion and spiritual violence. The episode concludes with a focus on the intersection of Latin American theology, queer and feminist theology, and the significance of Indigenous crops and foods in reclaiming cultural identity. We explore how the colonization process disrupted Indigenous agricultural practices, replacing native crops like corn with foreign staples such as white flour, fundamentally altering ceremonies and connections to the earth. This historical impact on health and culture underscores the importance of making conscious choices, such as opting for traditional superfoods like amaranth. These choices serve as acts of rebellion against Christian hegemony. ## Resources Please take a look at the incredible Soulforce resource library. ## Credits * **Music** : Onondaga Social Dance songs performed by Orris Edwards and Regis Cook * **Producers** : Jordan Loewen-Colón and Adam DJ Brett * **Show notes** : Adam DJ Brett ## Citation Philip P. Arnold and Sandra Bigtree, “S05E03: Reclaiming Faith: Dismantling White Christian Supremacy and Healing Through Indigenous Spirituality with Soulforce,” _Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery_ (Podcast), September 02, 2024. https://podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org/season5/episode-03/.

⤓ Download a transcript of the Episode as a PDF // → Subscribe ## Introduction We begin this episode with a land acknowledgement. In this episode of the Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery podcast, hosts Phil Arnold and Sandy Bigtree interview Philip Deloria, a scholar of history and Indigenous Studies/Native Studies. In this episode we discuss how Indigenous/Native Studies is expanding into various venues and exploring new possibilities. There is growing interest in the connection between the founding of Western democracy and the Haudenosaunee, as well as the impact of colonization and the Doctrine of Discovery. Indigenous practitioners and scholars are coming together to address the rise of fascism and domination worldwide and to find alternative ways of living on the Earth. In Native American history, there is a focus on economic analysis, particularly the management of annuities and trust funds by the federal government. This financial analysis sheds light on the role of Indian money in the development of infrastructure and the economy of the United States. Overall, Native Studies is evolving and addressing complex issues related to history, identity, values, and the relationship between indigenous peoples and the natural world. ## Show Notes In the latest episode of our podcast, we delve into the transformative legacy of Vine Deloria Jr. and the enduring impact of Native American thought with Professor Philip Deloria. This enlightening conversation covers a range of critical topics, from the contributions of the Deloria family to theology and Native American discourse, to the dynamic intersections between indigenous knowledge and modern political movements. Our episode begins by mapping the Doctrine of Discovery, where Philip Deloria provides a rich discussion on his father’s profound influence on religious studies and Native American thought. Vine Deloria Jr.’s seminal works, such as “ _God is Red_,” have significantly shaped academic and theological landscapes. The conversation highlights the Deloria family’s religious heritage and their involvement in the Episcopal Church, offering insights into how these experiences have informed their unique contributions to theology and Native American discourse. We explore Vine Deloria Jr.’s academic and religious background, tracing the evolution of his ideas from the late 1950s through the Red Power Movement of the 1960s. The discussion then shifts to the evolving role of the church in Native American communities. From the late 19th century through the Red Power Movement, the church served as a means for reimagining older social structures, despite critiques from different generations within Native families. We highlight Vine Deloria Jr.’s important stance in “ _Custer Died for Your Sins,_” his brief tenure with the National Council of the Episcopal Church, and his subsequent disillusionment that led to the writing of “ _God Is Red_.” The church’s dual role as a community hub and a site of cultural retention is examined, emphasizing the significance of the Episcopal Church’s 2009 repudiation of the Doctrine of Discovery. This conversation underscores the enduring impact of colonialism and the revival of indigenous ceremonies within Native communities. A particularly intriguing segment of the episode explores the phenomenon of “playing Indian” in both American and European contexts. Historical and contemporary examples, from the Boston Tea Party to modern New Age movements, are discussed. We recount a visit to the Max Planck Institute and the Karl May Museum in Germany, where Germans exhibit a fascination with Native American culture, often dressing up as Lakota people. This practice is contrasted with American cultural appropriation and settler colonialism. The historical impact of Karl May’s literature on German perceptions of Native Americans and its disturbing links to Nazi ideology are examined, highlighting the complexities of cultural performance, identity, and the global implications of these practices. The episode also delves into the dynamics of settler colonialism and its impact on indigenous identity and culture in America. The erasure and displacement of indigenous peoples are discussed, along with settlers adopting indigenous identities to claim a sense of belonging to the continent. We explore historical practices from the Boston Tea Party to contemporary New Age movements, highlighting the duality of love and hate, desire and repulsion in these actions. The implications of place naming, from appropriating indigenous names to imposing classical European ones, are examined, illustrating the historical narrative of land grants and the doctrine of discovery in Onondaga Nation territory. Oral tradition and indigenous knowledge are critical themes in this episode. We explore the distinctions between oral tradition, oral history, and memory, emphasizing their roles in preserving historical knowledge. Reflecting on personal memories and broader oral histories, the conversation addresses the legitimacy and importance of these forms of knowledge. The dynamic nature of oral traditions is highlighted, along with the significance of indigenous media like wampum belts. The repatriation of wampum belts and the reassembly of their meanings through dreams and ceremonies are discussed, underscoring the ongoing interrelationship with the natural world. The episode also addresses current trends in Native Studies, including the global rise of fascism and the search for alternative ways of living. The economic analysis of Indian land and wealth, and the shift from military to financial records, are explored. The significant contributions of scholars like Bobby Lee and Emily Connolly are highlighted, examining the role of Indian money in American infrastructure and fiscal history. The convergence of Native American studies with religious studies, focusing on white evangelical racism and Christian nationalism, is discussed, along with the evolution of Native representation in media and the potential for a new era of Native production in the global indigenous context. The intricate intersections between indigenous rights, contemporary political movements, and the environment. ## Resources * Philip P. Arnold and Sandra Bigtree, “Ten Religious Themes of the Doctrine of Christian Discovery (DoCD) that Contrast with Indigenous Values,” Doctrine of Discovery Project (26 September 2022), https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/10-religous-dimensions/. * Philip P. Arnold, _The Urgency of Indigenous Values_ , (Syracuse: SU Press, 2023), [https://press.syr.edu/supressbooks/5835/urgency-of- Indigenous-values-the/](https://press.syr.edu/supressbooks/5835/urgency-of- Indigenous-values-the/) * Philip Delora * _Playing Indian_ * _The Blackwell Companion to American Indian History_ * _C.G. Jung and the Sioux Traditions_ * _American Studies: A User’s Guide_ * _I Heart Nixon: Essays on the Indigenous Everyday_ * Vine Deloria Jr. * _God Is Red: A Native View of Religion_ * _Behind the Trail of Broken Treaties: An Indian Declaration of Independence_ * _Custer Died For Your Sins_ * _Power and Place: Indian Education in America_ * _Red Earth, White Lies: Native Americans and the Myth of Scientific Fact_ * _Spirit and Reason: The Vine Deloria, Jr. Reader_ * _The World We Used to Live In: Remembering the Powers of the Medicine Men_ ## Credits * **Music** : Onondaga Social Dance songs performed by Orris Edwards and Regis Cook * **Producers** : Jordan Loewen-Colón and Adam DJ Brett * **Show notes** : Adam DJ Brett ## Citation Philip P. Arnold and Sandra Bigtree, “S05E02: Exploring the Legacy of Vine Deloria Jr. on Native American Thought with Philip Deloria,” _Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery_ (Podcast), September 02, 2024. https://podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org/season5/episode-02/.

⤓ Download a transcript of the Episode as a PDF // → Subscribe ## Introduction We begin this episode with a land acknowledgement. In this episode of the Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery podcast, hosts Phil Arnold and Sandy Bigtree interview Winnifred Fallers Sullivan, a scholar of religion and law. Sullivan discusses her work at the Center for Religion and the Human at Indiana University, which aims to teach religion in a public and accessible way. She also explores the history of religion and law in the United States, highlighting the shifting role of religion in the Constitution and the challenges of defining religion in a legal context. The hosts also discuss the influence of Indigenous nations, such as the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, on American democracy and the need to re-narrate the history of America to include these influences. ## Show Notes In our latest podcast episode, we delve deep into the rich tapestry of American democracy, examining the intertwining threads of religion, law, and indigenous influences. Featuring an insightful conversation with Winifred Sullivan, a distinguished professor at Indiana University, this episode promises a comprehensive exploration of how these elements have shaped, and continue to shape, the United States. Public universities have long been recognized as crucibles of inclusive dialogue, particularly concerning religion and its intersection with contemporary issues. Winifred Sullivan’s role at the Center for Religion and the Human exemplifies this. The Center is a hub for collaborative projects addressing pressing global concerns such as climate change, political conflicts, and technological advancements. Sullivan emphasizes the importance of these institutions in fostering robust discussions on religion, highlighting their unique position to engage diverse voices and perspectives. The journey through the history of religious freedom in the United States is both intricate and enlightening. The narrative begins with the inception of the Constitution, which initially did not explicitly guarantee citizen rights. This oversight necessitated the inclusion of the Bill of Rights for the Constitution’s ratification. James Madison’s evolving views on federal power and citizen rights underscore this period, culminating in the Reconstruction Amendments post-Civil War. The 20th-century incorporation doctrine further transformed state governance, nationalizing issues of religion previously managed on a state-by-state basis. This legal evolution is closely tied to America’s religious diversity, as evidenced by landmark cases like Johnson v. McIntosh, which embedded the doctrine of discovery into U.S. law without overt religious references. Indigenous influences on Western democratic models are profound, particularly the contributions of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. The early recognition of Native American nations and their governance structures significantly shaped treaties and the foundational aspects of American democracy. This recognition resonates in today’s interpretation of religion in public life. The episode reflects on the tragic self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell, exploring his motivations and the broader societal reactions to such radical expressions of dissent. This poignant event underscores the complex interplay between personal conviction, legal structures, and societal norms. Joan of Arc’s political theology offers another fascinating dimension to our exploration. Her role before the establishment of the modern state, her strategic mind, and the support she garnered are examined in depth. Joan sought peace for the people of French territories, striving beyond mere nationalism. Her legacy, often surrounded by myth-making, provides valuable insights into the historical and political dimensions of governance. The episode also highlights the Smithsonian’s “Voices and Votes” exhibit, which showcases the significant yet often overlooked contributions of the Haudenosaunee to American democracy. Winifred Sullivan’s expertise bridges historical insights with contemporary relevance, offering listeners a nuanced understanding of the intersection of faith, law, and indigenous influences. Public universities, as discussed, play a crucial role in fostering these important dialogues. The Center for Religion and the Human at Indiana University, supported by the Henry Luce Foundation, is a testament to this endeavor. The Center’s projects, rooted in collaboration, bring together diverse voices to address the multifaceted challenges of our time. The episode’s detailed exploration of the U.S. legal history, from the Constitution’s inception to contemporary interpretations of religious freedom, provides a comprehensive understanding of the country’s legal and religious landscape. ## Resources * Philip P. Arnold and Sandra Bigtree, “Ten Religious Themes of the Doctrine of Christian Discovery (DoCD) that Contrast with Indigenous Values,” Doctrine of Discovery Project (26 September 2022), https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/10-religous-dimensions/. * Philip P. Arnold, _The Urgency of Indigenous Values_ , (Syracuse: SU Press, 2023), [https://press.syr.edu/supressbooks/5835/urgency-of- Indigenous-values-the/](https://press.syr.edu/supressbooks/5835/urgency-of- Indigenous-values-the/) * Winnifred Fallers Sullivan * _Paying the Words Extra: Religious Discourse in the Supreme Court of the United States_ (Harvard 1994) * _The Impossibility of Religious Freedom_ (Princeton 2005) * _Prison Religion: Faith-based Reform and the Constitution_ (Princeton 2009) * _A Ministry of Presence: Chaplaincy, Spiritual Care, and the Law_ (Chicago 2014), * _Ekklesia: Three Inquiries in Church and State_ (with Paul Johnson and Pamela Klassen) (Chicago 2018), * _Church State Corporation: Construing Religion in US Law_ (Chicago 2020) * _The Abyss, or Life is Simple_ (with Courtney Bender, Jeremy Biles, Liane Carlson, Joshua Dubler, Hannah C. Garvey, M. Cooper Harriss, and Erik Thorstensen) (Chicago 2022). * Co-Edited Volumes * _After Secular Law_ (Stanford 2011), * _Varieties of Religious Establishment_ (Ashgate 2013), * _Politics of Religious Freedom_ (Chicago 2015), * _Theologies of American Exceptionalism_ (Indiana 2020), * _At Home and Abroad: The Politics of American Religion_ (Columbia 2021). ## Credits * **Music** : Onondaga Social Dance songs performed by Orris Edwards and Regis Cook * **Producers** : Jordan Loewen-Colón and Adam DJ Brett * **Show notes** : Adam DJ Brett ## Citation Philip P. Arnold and Sandra Bigtree, “S05E01: Bridging History and Today: Religion, Law, and Indigenous Influences in American Democracy with Winnifred Fallers Sullivan,” _Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery_ (Podcast), August 26, 2024. https://podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org/season5/episode-01/.

⤓ Download a transcript of the Episode as a PDF // → Subscribe ## Introduction We begin this episode with a land acknowledgement. In this podcast episode, hosts Phil Arnold and Sandy Bigtree interview João Chaves, an assistant professor of the History of Religion in the Americas at Baylor University. Chaves discusses the history of Christianity in Brazil and its connections to the United States, particularly in relation to the Doctrine of Discovery. He explains how missionaries from the US, particularly Southern Baptists, played a role in the colonization and dispossession of native land in Brazil. Chaves also discusses the influence of Christian nationalism in Brazil and the rise of right-wing politics in the country. The hosts and Chaves also touch on the importance of telling the truth about the history of institutions, including universities, and the need to confront and address past injustices. In Brazil, Christianity and nationalism have complex historical intersections. Our hosts and guests discuss the impact of colonization, Protestantism, and white Christian supremacy. They explore challenges and resistance to Christian nationalism in the Amazon region and the need for ongoing critical reflection and reconciliation. Arnold and Chaves examine the relationships between colonialism, religion, and violence in Brazil and the Americas, highlighting the dispossession of native land and the need to explore the legacy of colonialism on indigenous populations. How does Brazil’s religious tapestry reflect its colonial past? Join us with João Chaves to unravel the complex history of faith and power struggles in Latin America. _Don’t forget to leave us a review wherever you get your podcasts._ ## Show Notes When it comes to understanding the intricate fabric of Latin American history, few topics are as revealing and complex as the intertwining of colonialism, faith, and identity. The latest podcast episode featuring João Chaves, Assistant Professor at Baylor University, invites listeners to embark on a profound journey through the historical landscape of the Americas, exploring how the Doctrine of Discovery has left a lasting imprint on the region’s religious and social dynamics. João Chaves’ expertise offers a unique perspective on the repercussions of Portuguese conquest and the subsequent influx of Confederate exiles post-American Civil War, particularly in shaping Brazilian Protestantism. The episode takes us through the unsettling history of how Eurocentric assumptions about property rights and racial hierarchies have persisted over centuries, continuing to influence Latin American society to this day. The discussion delves deeper into the specific experiences of Brazilian Baptists migrating to the United States, revealing how their identities and ideologies are reshaped in the shadow of the Southern Baptist Convention. Chaves brings to light the role of local converts and their contributions to the spread of Protestantism, even as they sometimes inadvertently perpetuate white supremacist ideologies. The podcast does not shy away from the more contentious aspects of religion’s role in society, tackling the complex interplay of racism, Christianity, and capitalism. By examining figures like Brazil’s President Jair Bolsonaro and his ‘pan-Christian’ leadership, the episode provides a critical analysis of the forces that have molded the modern world. As the conversation turns to Baylor University’s own introspection into its historical narratives, listeners are introduced to the Commission for Historical Campus Representations’ efforts toward truth and reconciliation. The poignant personal stories of Antonio and Antonia Teixeira highlight the struggles institutions face when confronting their past. Through this enlightening episode, the audience gains a comprehensive understanding of how deep-rooted beliefs continue to influence religious communities in the Americas. By examining the intersection of theology and justice, Chaves challenges listeners to reflect on the transformative power of faith in the context of immigration issues and ethnic solidarity. As we conclude, it becomes evident that the echoes of the Doctrine of Discovery still reverberate throughout the Americas, shaping not only the religious sphere but also the broader sociopolitical context. The episode serves as a testament to the importance of understanding our shared history to envision a more equitable future. Join us in this captivating exploration of colonialism, faith, and identity, as we navigate the sensitive landscapes of our past and present, aiming for a deeper comprehension of the complex tapestry that is Latin American history. ## Resources * Philip P. Arnold and Sandra Bigtree, “Ten Religious Themes of the Doctrine of Christian Discovery (DoCD) that Contrast with Indigenous Values,” Doctrine of Discovery Project (26 September 2022), https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/10-religous-dimensions/. * Philip P. Arnold, _The Urgency of Indigenous Values_ , (Syracuse: SU Press, 2023), [https://press.syr.edu/supressbooks/5835/urgency-of- Indigenous-values-the/](https://press.syr.edu/supressbooks/5835/urgency-of- Indigenous-values-the/) * Chaves, João B. _Migrational Religion: Context and Creativity in the Latinx Diaspora_. Waco, Texas: Baylor University Press, 2021. * ———. _The Global Mission of the Jim Crow South: Southern Baptist Missionaries and the Shaping of Latin American Evangelicalism_. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2022. * Parsons, Mikeal C., and João B. Chaves. _Remembering Antônia Teixeira: A Story of Missions, Violence, and Institutional Hypocrisy_. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2023. * Scales, T. Laine, and João B. Chaves, eds. _Baptists and the Kingdom of God: Global Perspectives_. Waco: Baylor University Press, 2023. ## Credits * **Music** : Onondaga Social Dance songs performed by Orris Edwards and Regis Cook * **Producers** : Jordan Loewen-Colón and Adam DJ Brett * **Show notes** : Adam DJ Brett ## Citation Philip P. Arnold and Sandra Bigtree, “S04E06: Unveiling Histories: Colonialism, Faith, and Identity in the Americas with João Chaves,” _Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery_ (Podcast), May 16, 2024. https://podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org/season4/episode-06/.

⤓ Download a transcript of the Episode as a PDF // → Subscribe ## Introduction We begin this episode with a land acknowledgement. In this episode of the Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery podcast, hosts Philip P. Arnold and Sandy Bigtree interview S. Lily Mendoza and Jim Perkinson, both faculty members in Michigan. They discuss topics such as decolonization, indigeneity, white supremacy, and the criminalization of Indigenous peoples. They also touch on the role of Christianity in perpetuating colonialism and the need for a radical democratic framework that embraces diversity. The conversation highlights the importance of understanding the history of religions and the urgent need to protect the environment and Indigenous rights. _Don’t forget to leave us a review wherever you get your podcasts._ ## Show Notes This episode featuring S. Lily Mendoza and Jim Perkinson is a deep exploration into the world of decolonization and the intrinsic connection Indigenous cultures have with the land. This thought-provoking discussion unravels the historical fabric of colonial narratives that have long obscured the wisdom and practices of native communities, particularly around the Detroit area. The podcast delves into the crucial act of land return as a form of healing for the historic wounds inflicted upon these communities, underscoring the significance of acknowledging our collective responsibility to this shared history. The conversation invites listeners to immerse themselves in the relational connections that Indigenous cultures hold with nature. The Anishinaabe and Haudenosaunee traditions, which treat elements such as water with profound respect, serve as an inspiration for all of us to reflect on our own cultural roots and the devastating impact of colonization. This episode also addresses the personal journey of cultural rediscovery, alongside the tragic loss of Indigenous languages in places like the Philippines, reminding us of the imperative to preserve and celebrate cultural diversity. Furthermore, the podcast navigates through the complexities of Christianities' history, grappling with its darker legacy of violence and the contemporary rise of white nationalism. It critically examines how institutions, including the prison industrial complex, continue to perpetuate racial injustice and economic exploitation. The resistance emerging from within religious traditions is honored, showcasing the courageous alignment with Indigenous peoples against imperialistic forces. The chapter summaries provide a structured overview of the discussions, ranging from the intimate relationship with the land to the nuanced examination of Christianity and white nationalism. Listeners are presented with a rich tapestry of historical insights, personal anecdotes, and critical analyses that paint a vivid picture of the ongoing challenges and quests for understanding diverse Indigenous worldviews. This podcast episode not only provides an educational resource but also acts as a call to action for listeners to engage in the vital work of decolonization and reconnection with the land and its original inhabitants. It encourages a collective effort to transform history and honor Indigenous spirituality, reminding us of the profound interconnectedness of all beings and the sacredness of the earth we all share. ## Resources * Philip P. Arnold and Sandra Bigtree, “Ten Religious Themes of the Doctrine of Christian Discovery (DoCD) that Contrast with Indigenous Values,” Doctrine of Discovery Project (26 September 2022), https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/10-religous-dimensions/. * Philip P. Arnold, _The Urgency of Indigenous Values_ , (Syracuse: SU Press, 2023), [https://press.syr.edu/supressbooks/5835/urgency-of- Indigenous-values-the/](https://press.syr.edu/supressbooks/5835/urgency-of- Indigenous-values-the/) * Mendoza, Susanah Lily L. _Between the Homeland and the Diaspora_. Philippine ed. Manila, Philippines: UST Pub. House, 2006. * ———., and Leny Mendoza Strobel. 2013. Back from the Crocodile’s Belly : Philippine Babaylan Studies and the Struggle for Indigenous Memory. Santa Rosa, Calif.: Center for Babaylan Studies. * ———. 2015. B _etween the Homeland and the Diaspora: The Politics of Theorizing Filipino and Filipino American Identities : A Second Look at Poststructualism-Indigenization Debates_. First issued in paperback 2015. London: Routledge. * ———., and George Zachariah, eds. 2022. Decolonizing Ecotheology : Indigenous and Subaltern Challenges. Eugene: Pickwick Publications. * Perkinson, James W. _Messianism Against Christology_. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137325198. * ———. _Political Spirituality in an Age of Eco-Apocalypse: Communication and Struggle across Species, Cultures, and Religions_. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. * ———. _Shamanism, Racism, and Hip Hop Culture: Essays on White Supremacy and Black Subversion_. Black Religion, Womanist Thought, Social Justice. New York, N.Y. ; Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. * ———. _White Theology: Outing Supremacy in Modernity_. 1st ed. Black Religion, Womanist Thought, Social Justice. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. * ———. _Political Spirituality for a Century of Water Wars_. New York, NY: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. ## Credits * **Music** : Onondaga Social Dance songs performed by Orris Edwards and Regis Cook * **Producers** : Jordan Loewen-Colón and Adam DJ Brett * **Show notes** : Adam DJ Brett ## Citation Philip P. Arnold and Sandra Bigtree, “S04E05: Rekindling Culture and Healing History: A Dialogue on Decolonization and Indigenous Land Connection with S. Lilly Mendoza and James W. Perkinson,” _Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery_ (Podcast), May 7, 2024. https://podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org/season4/episode-05/.

⤓ Download a transcript of the Episode as a PDF // → Subscribe ## Introduction We begin this episode with a land acknowledgement. In this episode of the Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery podcast, hosts Phil Arnold and Sandy Bigtree interview Professor Tink Tinker, an expert on Native American issues and the excesses of Christianity among Native American peoples. Tinker discusses his background as a citizen of the Osage Nation and his renouncement of Christianity after writing a book on the genocide of American Indians by Christian missionaries. He highlights the tension between individual salvation in Christianity and the communal focus of Native American spirituality. Tinker also discusses the impact of Christianity on Native American communities and the erasure of indigenous people in Europe. The conversation touches on the film “Killers of the Flower Moon” and the Sand Creek Massacre, as well as the presence of Native American spirituality in academic institutions. Tinker shares his work at the Four Winds organization and the efforts to address the history of the Doctrine of Discovery at Iliff School of Theology, including the repatriation of a book cover made from the skin of a murdered Lenape Indian. The episode concludes with a discussion on the importance of education and the need for collaboration between Native and non-Native academics. _Don’t forget to leave us a review wherever you get your podcasts._ ## Show Notes When we consider the history of colonization, its long-standing effects on indigenous populations cannot be overstated. This week’s episode is packed with important stories and content for anyone interested in the Doctrine of Discovery. This week, we sit down with Iliff School of Theology Professor Emeritus Tink Tinker. The episode is a profound exploration of the indelible legacy of Christian colonization on Native American communities and the remarkable resilience they have shown in the face of systemic erasure and oppression. At the heart of the episode lies the cultural clash instigated by the spread of the Doctrine of Christian Discovery and the subsequent impact it had on Indigenous communities. The Doctrine of Christian Discovery, a policy that essentially granted Christian explorers the right to claim lands inhabited by non-Christians, has had catastrophic effects on Native American populations. This historical directive not only sanctioned the seizure of land but also facilitated the suppression of Native American identities and traditions. The podcast delves into how early Christian missionaries implemented brutal conversion strategies, leaving a trail of cultural devastation that resonates to this day. The conversation then transitions to the portrayal of Native Americans in contemporary media, particularly in Hollywood. The episode critiques recent cinematic portrayals of the Osage people, noting how the depth and resilience of Indigenous experiences are often overshadowed by the entertainment industry’s fixation on celebrity and sensationalism. Through the lens of this critique, the episode reflects on the role of American Indian academics in advocating for a more accurate and respectful representation of Native narratives, both in film and in scholarly discourse. A particularly evocative part of the dialogue recounts the transformation of the Living Waters Indian Episcopal Mission into Four Winds, illustrating the resurgence of indigenous cultures and practices within a space once dominated by Christian worship, providing a tangible example of #landback. This transformation is emblematic of the broader cultural revival taking place within Native American communities, a testament to their unyielding spirit and commitment to preserving their heritage. Moreover, the podcast touches on the grim history of atrocities such as the Sand Creek Massacre and how such events have been commemorated and acknowledged—or in many cases, overlooked—by American institutions. These narratives bring to the forefront the necessity for institutions to address past transgressions and engage in the ongoing work of restitution and healing. The episode concludes with a discussion of the enduring presence of Indigenous histories and the significance of collaboration and education in moving forward. It highlights the importance of honoring the memory of those who suffered under colonial oppression and recognizes the persistent efforts of indigenous academics and activists to ensure that their stories are not forgotten. This podcast episode serves as a poignant reminder of the struggles and triumphs of Native American peoples and underscores the importance of understanding and confronting the shadows of historical injustice. As we continue to learn from and engage with these narratives, we are reminded of the essential work that lies ahead in the pursuit of truth and healing. ## Resources * Philip P. Arnold and Sandra Bigtree, “Ten Religious Themes of the Doctrine of Christian Discovery (DoCD) that Contrast with Indigenous Values,” Doctrine of Discovery Project (26 September 2022), https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/10-religous-dimensions/. * Philip P. Arnold, _The Urgency of Indigenous Values, (Syracuse: SU Press, 2023 (Forthcoming)), https://press.syr.edu/supressbooks/5835/urgency-of-indigenous-values-the/ * Tink Tinker’s publications: * _American Indian Liberation: A Theology of Sovereignty_ (2008); * _Spirit and Resistance: Political Theology and American Indian Liberation_ (2004); * _Missionary Conquest: The Gospel and Native American Genocide_ (1993). * He co-authored _A Native American Theology_ (2001); * He is co-editor of _Native Voices: American Indian Identity and Resistance_ (2003) ## Credits * **Music** : Onondaga Social Dance songs performed by Orris Edwards and Regis Cook * **Producers** : Jordan Loewen-Colón and Adam DJ Brett * **Show notes** : Adam DJ Brett ## Citation Philip P. Arnold and Sandra Bigtree, “S04E04: Reckoning with the Legacy of Colonization: A Dialogue on Native American Erasure and Resilience with Tink Tinker,” _Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery_ (Podcast), April 22, 2024. https://podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org/season4/episode-04/.

⤓ Download a transcript of the Episode as a PDF // → Subscribe ## Introduction We begin this episode with a land acknowledgement. In this episode of the Mapping The Doctrine Of Discovery Podcast, hosts Phil Arnold and Sandy Bigtree interview Patrick Gonzalez-Rogers, a faculty member at the Yale School of Environment. They discuss the doctrine of discovery and its ongoing impact on Indigenous peoples and the environment. Gonzalez-Rogers highlights the need to challenge the Western construct of law and its narrow definition of religion, which often fails to recognize the sacredness of the land and the interconnectedness of all things. He also suggests the possibility of engaging Christian denominations in conversations about returning land to Indigenous communities as a form of restorative justice. The hosts and guest emphasize the importance of Indigenous perspectives and traditional knowledge in shaping environmental policy and conservation efforts. They also discuss the need for a political shift and a new set of values that prioritize sustainability and the well-being of the Earth. _Don’t forget to leave us a review wherever you get your podcasts._ ## Show Notes The relationship between humanity and nature is intricate and sacred, a fact that has been the cornerstone of Indigenous communities’ philosophies for centuries. In the latest podcast episode titled “Reclaiming Sacred Ground: Indigenous Sovereignty, Environmental Wisdom, and the Path to Restorative Justice,” listeners are invited to explore the complex interplay between Indigenous wisdom, environmental stewardship, and the quest for justice. The episode shines a light on the pressing need for policies that respect and incorporate the voices and rights of Native American communities. Our distinguished guest Pat Gonzalez-Rogers brings forth the historical context of the Doctrine of Discovery, detailing its pervasive impact on Indigenous peoples and the continuous exploitation of their lands. The conversation is especially poignant when it discusses the protection of sacred sites like Bears Ears, revealing the cultural and spiritual significance these lands hold for Native communities. The experts advocate for a conservation approach that is respectful, inclusive, and one that honors Indigenous spirituality and sovereignty. The episode underscores the urgency of re-evaluating our environmental laws and policies through the lens of Indigenous perspectives. By embracing traditional ecological knowledge, we delve into a discussion on sustainability that is intrinsically linked to the Indigenous worldview. Here, nature is not seen as a commodity but as a community to which humans belong. This mindset shift is imperative for creating durable and sustainable resource management strategies that focus on the well-being of the Earth and its future inhabitants. Moreover, the concept of restorative justice and land reparations is examined as a means of healing the deep wounds left by centuries of colonialism. The dialogue delves into the transformative potential of concrete measures, such as the return of land by religious denominations, as a step toward genuine restitution for Indigenous communities. This conversation is enriched by insights from historians, attorneys, and thought leaders, who discuss legal and political strategies to right historical wrongs. The episode culminates with a profound appreciation for the collaborative effort that goes into podcasting and anticipation of future discussions. The acknowledgment of contributors and sponsors emphasizes the collective journey toward a more equitable and balanced future. Listeners are encouraged to continue engaging with these critical narratives by subscribing to the podcast. As we venture forward, it is crucial to honor the wisdom and environmental stewardship of Indigenous communities. By intertwining their deep understanding of nature’s interconnectedness with contemporary environmental challenges, we can pave a path toward a harmonious coexistence. The episode is a powerful reminder of the vital role Indigenous knowledge plays in shaping a sustainable future for all life on Earth. In essence, this podcast episode serves as a clarion call for collective action. It is a conversation that fosters understanding and respect for Indigenous rights and wisdom, challenging us to consider the profound implications of our environmental decisions. As we face the existential threats of climate change and ecological degradation, the wisdom shared in this episode offers a beacon of hope, guiding us toward a future where humanity and nature thrive in mutual respect and care. ## Resources * Uncivil Religion ## Credits * **Music** : Onondaga Social Dance songs performed by Orris Edwards and Regis Cook * **Producers** : Jordan Loewen-Colón and Adam DJ Brett * **Show notes** : Adam DJ Brett ## Citation Philip P. Arnold and Sandra Bigtree, “S04E03: Reclaiming Sacred Ground: Indigenous Sovereignty, Environmental Wisdom, and the Path to Restorative Justice with Patrick Gonzalez-Rogers,” _Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery_ (Podcast), April 16, 2024. https://podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org/season4/episode-03/.

⤓ Download a transcript of the Episode as a PDF // → Subscribe ## Introduction We begin this episode with a land acknowledgement. In this podcast episode, hosts Phil Arnold and Sandy Bigtree interview Joel Harrison, an associate professor of religion at Northern Virginia Community College, and two of his students, Jason Armstrong and Christian Oppenhagen. Harrison and his students recently attended and presented at a conference on the religious origins of white supremacy and the Doctrine of Christian Discovery. They discuss how the conference impacted their understanding of the Doctrine of Discovery and its connection to white supremacy and Christian nationalism. They also explore the ways in which the language of demons and chosenness is used to justify violence and oppression. The conversation highlights the importance of incorporating the Doctrine of Discovery into academic curricula and engaging in conversations about its ongoing impact. _Don’t forget to leave us a review wherever you get your podcasts._ ## Guests ### Jason Armstrong Jason Armstrong is a dual-enrolled 11th grade highschool student at Northern Virginia Community College, tracking towards attaining an Associates in Science. He is hoping to pursue an advanced degree in engineering/sciences, but enjoys learning about arts, cultures, and religions. ### Christian Oppenhagen Christian Oppenhagen is a recent graduate from Northern Virginia Community College who majored in cybersecurity. With previous experience studying religions and anthropology as well as work in emergency medicine, he plans to further pursue his interests in technology and cultural studies as he continues his academic career. ### Joel Harrison Joel Harrison, Ph.D, is Associate Professor of Religion at Northern Virginia Community College. He teaches courses on theory and method in religious studies and world religions, emphasizing the colonial encounter between indigenous cultures and the Western world. ## Show Notes In a recent episode of an insightful podcast, listeners are treated to a profound exploration of the complex landscape of American religious history. Joel Harrison, an associate professor of religion, alongside his students Jason Armstrong and Christian Oppenhagen, unravel the intricate layers of civil religion and secularism in America, focusing particularly on the interplay of race and religion since the colonial era. The discussion begins by highlighting Joel’s innovative approach to teaching, using the January 6th insurrection as a vivid case study in his Religion 100 course at Northern Virginia Community College. This method engages students deeply, highlighting the significance of historical events in shaping the current religious and political climates. By incorporating such contemporary events into the curriculum, Joel brings to light the undercurrents of chosenness and entitlement that continue to shape religious and political identities. The podcast then takes listeners on a journey through the Doctrine of Discovery conference, a testament to the power of scholarship in initiating societal reflection and change. Attendee Jason shares his transformative experience, revealing the profound impact of engaging with our intricate historical legacies. The conference illustrates the vital role academia plays in fostering collective confrontation with our past, serving as a catalyst for personal growth and a deeper appreciation for cultural diversity. As the episode progresses, the conversation delves into the relationship between land, heritage, and identity, highlighting the stark repercussions of European conquest on indigenous communities. Chris, another student, shares enlightening experiences from the conference, inspiring a broader discussion on the primacy of land identity within indigenous culture and the importance of understanding our ancestral ties. This revelation serves as a reminder of the significance of our roots, guiding our ongoing quest for understanding and empathy. The episode continues by examining the significance of guiding undergraduates towards academic sources, rather than general internet searches, when researching the doctrine of discovery and its historical justifications for the persecution of marginalized groups. The chapter discusses the incorporation of this doctrine into syllabus content to bridge the gap between colonial racism and modern-day Christian nationalism, examining the use of demonization in American religious history and how similar rhetoric has resurfaced in events like the January 6th insurrection. In the final chapter, the podcast looks at the shift in tactics among Christian nationalist groups, moving from overt religious condemnation to co-opting more secular language to stigmatize their opponents. It touches upon the historical roots of viewing certain groups as existential threats in America and shares personal anecdotes reflecting the impact of Christian nationalism on individuals’ lives. The episode concludes with gratitude for the engaging interactions and a hopeful outlook on nurturing ongoing relationships with students and educators. The podcast thanks the contributors and encourages listeners to visit the website for additional content and updates. ## Resources * Uncivil Religion ## Credits * **Music** : Onondaga Social Dance songs performed by Orris Edwards and Regis Cook * **Producers** : Jordan Loewen-Colón and Adam DJ Brett * **Show notes** : Adam DJ Brett ## Citation Philip P. Arnold and Sandra Bigtree, “S04E02: Exploring the American Religious Tapestry: From Civil Religion to Secularism and the Impact of the January 6th Insurrection,” _Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery_ (Podcast), April 9th, 2024. https://podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org/season4/episode-02/.

⤓ Download a transcript of the Episode as a PDF // Listen to the podcast on Megaphone, Spotify or Apple. Listen on Good Faith Media. ## Introduction We begin this episode with a land acknowledgement. The podcast explores how a centuries-old Christian doctrine encouraged conquest and colonization of non-Christians – and how its legacies still affect various lands and peoples. Special guest: Betty Lyons, president and executive director of American Indian Law Alliance. _Don’t forget to leave us a review wherever you get your podcasts._ ## Show Notes * The origins and impact of the little-known “Doctrine of Christian discovery”. 0:03 * Betty Lyons discusses origins of doctrine of discovery, its impact on Indigenous peoples, and efforts to revoke its principles. * The Doctrine of Discovery and its impact on indigenous peoples. 3:43 * The Doctrine of Discovery’s impact on indigenous peoples. 13:30 * Pope Francis’ actions have been impressive, with a focus on coming to terms with atrocities committed by larger institutions through colonization. * The Doctrine of Discovery has had a profound impact on indigenous peoples, severing their connection to the natural world and leading to oppression and land grabs. * Indigenous rights, land ownership, and the Doctrine of Discovery. 22:29 * Indigenous perspectives on Christianity and colonialism. 29:23 * Betty Lyons emphasizes importance of recognizing and addressing the Doctrine of Discovery’s impact on indigenous peoples’ land rights and power dynamics in the US. * Onondaga Lake’s contamination is linked to the power of the lake and the Peacemaker, and peace cannot come without proper relationship with nature. ## Resources * Past Episode S02E05: Dissecting the Doctrine of Discovery: Indigenous Rights, White Supremacy, and the United Nations with Betty Lyons * Marshall Trilogy * Johnson & Graham’s Lessee v. McIntosh * Cherokee Nation v. Georgia * Worcester v. Georgia * Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock * McGirt v. Oaklahoma * Onondaga Nation Land Claim * Betty Lyons * American Indian Law Alliance * AILA on the Doctrine of Discovery ### Prelminary Study _The Written Preliminary Study Shows_ _‘Doctrine of Discovery’ Legal Construct_ _Historical Root for Ongoing Violations of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights, Permanent Forum Told_ _Prepared and presented by Tonya Gonnella Frichner North American Regional Special Rapporteur April 27, 2010_ The “Preliminary study on the impact on indigenous peoples of the international legal construct known as the Doctrine of Discovery” (E/C.19/2010/13) presented at the Ninth Session authored by Tonya Gonnella Frichner, Esq. (Onondaga Nation), former North American Representative to the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. We recognize the legal construct known as the Doctrine of Discovery has global implications. As established in the preliminary study and reaffirmed in the more recent study, as mentioned above, the Doctrine of Discovery has been invoked as a justification for the ongoing exploitation of our lands, territories and resources which violates UNDRIP Article 7, the collective right to live in freedom and shall not be subjected to any act of genocide or violence including forcibly removing children of the group to another group. ➞ Read the Preliminary Report (PDF) ## Credits * **Hosts:** Mitch and Tanner Randall, Good Faith Media. * **Executive producers:** Mitch Randall, Good Faith Media; Philip P. Arnold and Sandy Bigtree, Indigenous Values Initiative; and Adam DJ Brett, Syracuse University and American Indian Law Alliance. * **Producer:** Cliff Vaughn. * **Editor:** David Pang. * **Music:** Pond5. * **Production Assistance:** American Indian Law Alliance. * **Sponsors:** The Henry Luce Foundation; Syracuse University; Indigenous Values Initiative; American Indian Law Alliance; American Indian Community House; Good Faith Media; Tonatierra; and Toward Our Common Public Life. We appreciate your support. ## Citation Mitch and Tanner Randall, “Betty Lyons: Understanding the Doctrine,” _Doctrine of Christian Discovery_ (Podcast), February 20, 2024. https://podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org/special/s01/.