Abstract. Immune function varies widely across humans. Biological sex is a key factor underlying human immune variability, with men presenting with more se

The crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are pivotal in biomedical and evolutionary research1–3. However, their genomic complexity and interspecies genetic differences remain unclear4. Here, we present a complete genome assembly of a crab-eating macaque, revealing 46% fewer segmental duplications and 3.83 times longer centromeres than those of humans5,6. We also characterize 93 large-scale genomic differences between macaques and humans at a single-base-pair resolution, highlighting their impact on gene regulation in primate evolution. Using ten long-read macaque genomes, hundreds of short-read macaque genomes and full-length transcriptome data, we identified roughly 2 Mbp of fixed-genetic variants, roughly 240 Mbp of complex loci, 16.76 Mbp genetic differentiation regions and 110 alternative splice events, potentially associated with various phenotypic differences between the two macaque species. In summary, the integrated genetic analys

The origins of sex differences in human disease are elusive, in part because of difficulties in separating the effects of sex hormones and sex chromosomes. To separate these variables, we examined gen...

NK cells and CD8+ TEMRA cells expressing NK receptors and disease-associated T cell receptors may drive autoimmunity in aplastic anemia.

Building predictive models of the cell requires systematically mapping how perturbations reshape each cell's state, function, and behavior. Here, we present Tahoe-100M, a giga-scale single-cell atlas ...

Age-associated thymic involution leads to a significant decline in thymic T cell output, a major contributor to immunosenescence in the elderly. Accurately measuring thymic output is therefore critica...

Comparing T cells in nasal polyps from repeated surgeries shows that effector memory-like persistent clones colonize the mucosal tissue during disease recurrence and promote inflammation by producing ...

Energy metabolism of immune cells, such as glycolysis and mitochondrial activity, requires strict regulation. This is especially critical in the compl…

Here the authors use a tonsil organoid culture model system to investigate the roles of human CD4+ and CD8+ regulatory T cells in controlling self-reactive immune responses. CD4+ regulatory T cells we...

Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG), the vaccine for tuberculosis, has immunomodulatory effects that may underpin its off-target effects on infectious disease risk and vaccine responses. This study used bl....

SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections in previously vaccinated individuals are characterized by reduced activation of innate immune responses.