Also check hdsentinel.com/blog/lifespa...
But main answer is: it varies.
Beware file format obsolescence, and interface obsolescence. I have some SCSI drives I cannot mount.

There is no way to be certain your data is 100% ok, except by reading everything and comparing it with a copy. After 16 years odds are good that a few bits are bad. But HDDs use Error Correcting Codes, and text errors mostly invisible, so small bit losses invisible +unimportant.

Single copy, given away by lottery.

Sorry, I don't understand. In the final stage w 4000 at START:
a) what determines the split between upper and lower arms?
b) When 3200 arrive at A, why do any of them divert to B (30+ minutes added) instead of all going direct to End? If you assume all myopic at point A, they should all divert

E.g. my brother attended Exeter for 1 year, hated it and returned to local HS, and got into every college he applied to incl. Harvard. (Where he did not go.)
Harvard admissions has problems, but this is probably not one of them.
(Full Disclosure: I fit the article's profile.)

This does not sound like high concentration. 9% of students coming from 21 high schools is actually less than I would have expected.
These HS's admit students who would have a good shot at Harvard wherever they came from.(For reasons both + and - eg alumni pref.) Mostly correlation, not causal.

It's great to learn that Murderbot is coming to TV. Others are wondering how MB's inner dialogs will be handled. I also just wonder about his/her P.O.V. Especially in the early books/episodes, he/she is frequently confused about what humans are doing. Promising!

Also true for some newborns! Including my first child.

The goal for driverless cars should not be to make them perfectly safe, but to make them safer than cars with human drivers. By a large margin.
I’m skeptical that they will make sense, except for specific tasks like highway driving of trucks. But let’s see.

Behind a paywall. I’m sure I can dig it out from my library, but not many can.

This is a classic question in first year economics courses. Why does a baseball player get paid more than a teacher or a family doctor?

The simple answer is “scarcity”. It’s NOT based on judgment about who works harder etc.

HOWEVER, CEOs in particular can manipulate their pay. Crony capitalism.