Chise
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sailorrooscout.bsky.social
Chise
@sailorrooscout.bsky.social
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Senior Scientist | Vaccine Research & Development | NIH | NIAID | VRC | 🧬🧫🦠🔬💉🥼🥽 | 🏳️‍🌈 | @coralchimera.bsky.social 💍 | @phoenixnest.bsky.social & @multicolorbark.com & @likeapalette.com 🧵🪡
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vaccinated were still 24% LESS LIKELY to die of any cause during the follow-up period. According to researchers, although vaccinated individuals in their study were generally older and tended to have more comorbidities (factors that would typically bias the association toward higher mortality in the
Table 1. Characteristics at Baseline of Individuals Included in the 4-Year Mortality Study Table 2. Comparison of Causes of Death Between Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Individuals up to December 31, 2023, Using Weighted Cox Models Among Those Included in the 4-Year Mortality Study Table 3. RI of Short-Term Mortality, All Causes, by Cancer, External Causes, Circulatory Diseases, and COVID-19, Within 6 Months Following Vaccination, Using Adapted SCCS Models
December 11, 2025 at 5:06 PM
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incidence was 25% LOWER in those who had received an mRNA vaccine. Vaccinated individuals were 74% less likely to die in a hospital because of COVID-19 compared with those who weren't vaccinated. Even when those COVID-related hospital deaths were EXCLUDED from the analysis, individuals who'd been
Figure 1. Estimation of All-Cause Mortality at 4 Years in Vaccinated Compared With Unvaccinated Individuals Using Weighted Cox Models: Main and Stratified Analyses
December 11, 2025 at 5:05 PM
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Overall mortality in unvaccinated individuals was roughly 50% HIGHER. The advantage held even after removing coronavirus-related deaths from the mix.

The study has been published in JAMA. YES, it is PEER-REVIEWED.
• jamanetwork.com/journals/jam...

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Key Takeaways • In a French cohort, the incidence of all-cause mortality among those who received a first dose of an mRNA COVID vaccine was 0.4% after a median follow-up of 45 months, compared with 0.6% of those who were unvaccinated. • After standardizing characteristics between the two groups, all-cause mortality incidence was 25% lower in those who had received a COVID shot. • Vaccinated people were 74% less likely to die in a hospital because of COVID-19 compared with those who weren't vaccinated. Key Points Question Are COVID-19 mRNA vaccines associated with the long-term risk of all-cause mortality? Findings In this cohort study including 22.7 million vaccinated individuals and 5.9 million unvaccinated individuals, vaccinated individuals had a 74% lower risk of death from severe COVID-19 and no increased risk of all-cause mortality over a median follow-up of 45 months. Meaning These national-level results found no increased risk of 4-year all-cause mortality in individuals aged 18 to 59 years vaccinated against COVID-19, further supporting the safety of the mRNA vaccines that are being widely used worldwide. Abstract Importance While several studies have assessed the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on short-term mortality, none have compared long-term mortality by vaccination status, particularly in young individuals who are less likely to experience severe disease following SARS- CoV-2 infection. Objective To compare 4-year all-cause mortality in individuals aged 18 to 59 years vaccinated with the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine vs unvaccinated individuals. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used data from the French National Health Data System for all individuals in the French population aged 18 to 59 years who were alive on November 1, 2021. Data analysis was conducted from June 2024 to September 2025. Exposure Exposure was defined as receiving a first mRNA dose between May 1 and October 31, 2021. Individuals who were unvaccinated by November 1, 2021, were assigned a random index date based on vaccinated individuals' vaccination dates. Main Outcomes and Measures Cox models weighted for sociodemographic characteristics and 41 comorbidities were used to estimate 4-year all-cause mortality. Time to event was censored at all-cause death, COVID-19 vaccination for unexposed individuals, or study termination on March 31, 2025. Complementary analyses were performed, including a comparison of the main causes of death available up to December 31, 2023. Follow-up began 6 months after the index date in both groups to address immortal time bias. Short-term mortality within 6 months after vaccination was assessed in a separate, independent study using adapted self-controlled case series models. Results A total of 22767 546 vaccinated and 5932 443 unvaccinated individuals were followed up for a median (IQR) of 45 (44-46) months. Vaccinated individuals were older than unvaccinated individuals (mean [SD] age, 38.0 [11.8] years vs 37.1 [11.4] years), more frequently women (11688 603 [51.3%] vs 2 876039 [48.5%]) and had more cardiometabolic comorbidities (2126 250 [9.3%] vs 464596 [7.8%]). During follow-up, 98 429 (0.4%) and 32 662 (0.6%) all-cause deaths occurred in the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups, respectively. Vaccinated individuals had a 74% lower risk of death from severe COVID-19 (weighted hazard ratio [wHR], 0.26 [95% CI, 0.22-0.30]) and a 25% lower risk of all-cause mortality (wHR, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.75-0.761), with a similar association observed when excluding severe COVID-19 death. Sensitivity analysis revealed that vaccinated individuals consistently had a lower risk of death, regardless of the cause. Mortality was 29% lower within 6 months following COVID-19 vaccination (relative incidence, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.69-0.731). Conclusions and Relevance In this national cohort study of 28 million individuals, the results found no increased risk of 4-year all-cause mortality in individuals aged 18 to 59 years vaccinated against COVID-19, further supporting the safety of the mRNA vaccines that are widely used worldwide.
December 11, 2025 at 5:02 PM
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a form developed from tumor lysate -inactive cancer cells from actual tumors- to mimic the complex mixture of proteins in human cancers. The vaccine was shown to protect against a number of different types: 88% of mice from pancreatic cancer, 75% from breast cancer, and 69% from melanoma. The
Figure 4. NP administration with tumor lysate for broad immune responses as a platform approach across multiple models
December 9, 2025 at 5:13 PM
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more coordinated response. When mice were immunized with this nanoparticle system and later challenged with melanoma cells, 80% of them stayed cancer-free throughout the course of the 250-day study. The control animals did not survive longer than 35 days. The immunized animals also rejected
Figure 3. Multivalent peptide vaccination with NPs for prevention of tumor formation and long-term survival
December 9, 2025 at 5:12 PM
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PGC1α gene, which enhances mitochondrial function. When these modified cells were implanted in tumor mice, they survived longer and efficiently killed cancer cells- possessing 2.5-fold the ability to kill compared to normal cells. This discovery leaves open the door to improving existing therapies
Figure 2. NP draining efficiency to lymph nodes and activation of DCs
December 9, 2025 at 5:10 PM
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“stem-like" T-cells. These cells, characterized by genes TCF1 and LEF1, could self-renew and differentiate into new waves of fighters. If these cells were removed from mouse models, immune attacks collapsed; if they were grown, tumors disappeared and survival increased. Researchers also discovered
Figure 1. Tailoring NP engineering to augment cytokine synergy and antigen presentation
December 9, 2025 at 5:06 PM
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Researchers envision their vaccine being used as both a treatment and a preventive, and as an approach to treating multiple cancer types. NOTE: This is PRECLINICAL.
• www.umass.edu/news/article...

The study has been published in Cell. YES, it is PEER-REVIEWED.
• www.cell.com/cell-reports...

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HIGHLIGHTS • Lipid NPs carrying STING and TLR4 agonists promote synergistic type I interferons • NPs drain efficiently to lymph nodes and increase polyfunctional T and B cells • NPs improve tumor-free outcomes with memory against multiple aggressive tumor models SUMMARY We report on the utility of a "super-adjuvant" nanoparticle (NP) system as a modular, customizable platform for next-generation cancer vaccination. Using nanomaterials engineering technology, we aim to harness not only the effective adjuvanticity of whole-pathogen vaccines, but also the safety of subunit vaccines. Our lipid-based NP platform co-encapsulates agonists of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathways to promote synergistic production of type I interferons and other proinflammatory cytokines in innate antigen-presenting dendritic cells and macrophages. Compared to empty NPs and free agonists, dual-adjuvant NPs administered with antigenic peptides or tumor cell lysate promote increased antigen processing and presentation, drain efficiently to nearby lymph nodes, increase polyfunctional tumor-specific T and B cells, and improve tumor-free outcomes upon vaccination and subsequent challenge with multiple aggressive tumor cells. Graphical Abstract The vaccine combines two immune-stimulating molecules (adjuvants) in a tiny lipid nanoparticle that enhances both innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune system acts as the body’s first line of defense, responding quickly and non-specifically to invaders using cells that release inflammatory signals. The adaptive immune system takes longer to activate but provides a targeted, long-lasting response, training T-cells and B- cells to recognize and remember specific threats. Together, they form a coordinated defense: the innate system alerts and activates the adaptive system, which then delivers precise and durable immunity.
December 9, 2025 at 5:02 PM
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she’s happy to see you
A black, white, and grey border collie wagging their tail looking happy.
December 7, 2025 at 5:00 PM
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established safety levels. Compared to other sources of aluminum ions in our everyday lives, which are ubiquitous, the amount that children ingest from vaccines is negligible. Aluminum is an unavoidable part of our daily diets, with traces found in plants, soil, water, and air. Whether we realize it
ALUMINUM & VACCINES: 3 THINGS TO KNOW 1 Aluminum is everywhere. Plants. Soil. Water. Air. Aluminum is also in vaccines, where it is an adjuvant. Adjuvants allow for: 1. Lower quantities of antigen (the part of the vaccine that the immune system responds to) 2. Fewer doses Aluminum has been used safely in vaccines since the 1940s. 2 Once in the bloodstream, aluminum is processed the same whether injected in vaccines or ingested in food. Remember the fable about the tortoise and the hare? Average aluminum exposure (milligrams) in the first 6 months of life SOY FORMULA 120 FORMULA 40 When it comes to aluminum exposure, food is like the tortoise and vaccines are like the hare. The slower, more regular (daily) exposure to lower quantities from food overtakes the faster, less frequent exposure to higher quantities from vaccines. BREAST MILK 10 1 milligram = 1/1,000 of a gram 1 raisin weighs about a gram, so a milligram is about 1/1,000 of a raisin. VACCINES 100 120 Milligrams of aluminum 180 3 We know when aluminum poses a problem to health. Two conditions must exist for aluminum to affect a person's health: 1. Their kidneys are not functioning well or at all. 2. They are exposed to large quantities of aluminum (e.g., Delaying vaccines to limit aluminum exposure doesn't increase vaccine safety, but it does leave a child vulnerable to potentially dangerous pathogens for a longer period of time than necessary. amounts in antacids or intravenous fluids) over months or years. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Vaccine Education Center When studied, aluminum levels in blood did not increase after receiving vaccines. For more info: vaccine.chop.edu
December 5, 2025 at 5:12 PM
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salts before age 2 was not significantly related to any of 50 chronic disorders, including 36 autoimmune, 9 allergic, and 5 neurodevelopmental conditions. The lack of dose-dependent relationship between aluminum salts and a child's ongoing health strongly suggests the ingredient is safe for use.
STUDY DETAILS Researchers studied 1,224,176 children born in Denmark between 1997 and 2018, during which vaccines with varying aluminum content were introduced. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type B, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, inactivated poliovirus, and hepatitis A and B vaccines were included. The researchers used nationwide health registries to determine the cumulative aluminum exposure from childhood vaccines administered to each child before age 2 years, and to provide clinical data on the children through 2020 or until they reached age 5 years, died, or were lost to follow-up. Study authors sought to investigate the incidence of 50 chronic diseases in particular, including 36 autoimmune, nine atopic or allergic, and five neurodevelopmental disorders. Among these 50 conditions were some very rare diseases and some more typically diagnosed after 5 years of age. The researchers used regression models to estimate adjusted HRs when children received 1 additional mg of aluminum in vaccines by age 2 years compared with children who received 1 mg less. For autism spectrum disorder, the HR per 1-mg increase in cumulative aluminum exposure from childhood vaccination was 0.93 (95% CI 0.89-0.97), and for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, it was 0.90 (95% CI 0.84-0.96). For asthma, the HR was 0.96 (95% Cl 0.94-0.98). Figure 2. Cumulative Aluminum Exposure by Age 2 Years
December 5, 2025 at 5:11 PM
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Researchers in Denmark examined the safety of a specific vaccine ingredient -aluminum salts- which, despite frequent debunking, remains a common talking point among vaccine skeptics. Clinical trials have tested their safety extensively, and they've been used in non-live vaccines for more than 70
Aluminum is added to some vaccines as an adjuvant. What is an adjuvant? An adjuvant is a substance that enhances the body's immune response to a vaccine. In simpler terms, it helps the vaccine work better and more efficiently. How does aluminum function as an adjuvant? • Boosts immune response: Aluminum salts, like aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate, can trigger the immune system to produce a stronger and longer-lasting antibody response against the vaccine's antigens (the parts of the virus or bacteria that trigger an immune response). •Reduces required vaccine dose: By boosting the immune response, aluminum adjuvants can potentially allow for a smaller amount of the vaccine's antigen to be used per dose, while still providing effective immunity. This can be important for vaccine supply and affordability. •May reduce the number of doses needed: Some sources suggest that adjuvants can potentially allow for fewer doses of a vaccine, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH). • Enhances antigen presentation: Aluminum adjuvants are believed to form a depot at the injection site, facilitating the slow release of the antigen and improving its presentation to immune cells, particularly antigen-presenting cells (APCs) like macrophages and dendritic cells. Safety and other considerations • Aluminum adjuvants have been used in vaccines for over 90 years and are considered safe and effective by many organizations, including the CDC and FDA. •The amount of aluminum in vaccines is small, and our bodies are equipped to process and eliminate it. • Aluminum adjuvants are not used in live viral vaccines such as the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) or chickenpox vaccines.
December 5, 2025 at 5:10 PM
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In simpler terms, aluminum helps vaccines work better and more efficiently.

The study has been published in Annals of Internal Medicine. YES, it is PEER-REVIEWED.
• www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/...

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Study Layout KEY TAKEAWAYS • A large study in Denmark found no link between aluminum in childhood vaccines and autism, asthma, or chronic disorders. •The study spanned 1.2 million children and 24 years of data. •The findings come as conversations about aluminum in vaccines rise to the forefront in the U.S. • NOTE. The study DID include unvaccinated children-but it is that they were only 1.2% of the cohort since Danish parents still vaccinate their children as recommended and their vaccination rate is >95%. They were part of the "Omg aluminum" exposure group.
December 5, 2025 at 5:03 PM
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So how do vaccines help? Vaccines can contain weakened or inactive parts of a particular organism (antigen) that triggers an immune response within the body. Newer vaccines contain the blueprint for producing antigens rather than the antigen itself.
When a new pathogen or disease enters our body, it introduces a new antigen. For every new antigen, our body needs to build a specific antibody that can grab onto the antigen and defeat the pathogen. A VACCINE is a tiny weakened non-dangerous fragment of the organism and includes parts of the antigen. It's enough that our body can learn to build the specific antibody. Then if the body encounters the real antigen later, as part of the real organism, it already knows how to defeat it.
December 3, 2025 at 5:08 PM
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The Body’s Natural Response (WITH A CAVEAT) ⬇️
Germs are all around us, both in our environment and in our bodies. When a person is susceptible and they encounter a harmful organism, it can lead to disease and death. The body has many ways of defending itself against pathogens (disease-causing organisms). Skin, mucus, and cilia (microscopic hairs that move debris away from the lungs) all work as physical barriers to prevent pathogens from entering the body in the first place. When a pathogen does infect the body, our body's defences, called the immune system, are triggered and the pathogen is attacked and destroyed or overcome. If you aren't aware, a pathogen is a bacterium, virus, parasite or fungus that can cause disease within the body. Each pathogen is made up of several subparts, usually unique to that specific pathogen and the disease it causes. The subpart of a pathogen that causes the formation of antibodies is called an antigen. The antibodies produced in response to the pathogen's antigen are an important part of the immune system. You can consider antibodies as the soldiers in your body's defense system. Each antibody, or soldier, in our system is trained to recognize one specific antigen. We have thousands of different antibodies in our bodies. When the human body is exposed to an antigen for the first time, it takes time for the immune system to respond and produce antibodies specific to that antigen. The antibodies produced in response to the pathogen's antigen are an important part of the immune system. You can consider antibodies as the soldiers in your body's defense system. Each antibody, or soldier, in our system is trained to recognize one specific antigen. We have thousands of different antibodies in our bodies. When the human body is exposed to an antigen for the first time, it takes time for the immune system to respond and produce antibodies specific to that antigen. In the meantime, the person is susceptible to becoming ill. Once the antigen-specific antibodies are produced, they work with the rest of the immune system to destroy the pathogen and stop the disease. Antibodies to one pathogen generally don't protect against another pathogen except when two pathogens are very similar to each other, like cousins. Once the body produces antibodies in its primary response to an antigen, it also creates antibody-producing memory cells, which remain alive even after the pathogen is defeated by the antibodies. If the body is exposed to the same pathogen more than once, the antibody response is much faster and more effective than the first time around because the memory cells are at the ready to pump out antibodies against that antigen. This means that if the person is exposed to the dangerous pathogen in the future, their immune system will be able to respond immediately, protecting against disease.
December 3, 2025 at 5:07 PM
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science experiment
An anthropomorphic pine marten and hyena in a laboratory.
November 30, 2025 at 5:01 PM
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This finding was particularly important, as it expands the scope of SCR activity BEYOND enveloped viruses.
Fig. 4. Mechanistic studies of the viral life cycle, SCR binding by STD NMR spectroscopy, and MD analysis. Fig. 5. Binding of SCRs to N-glycan microarrays. Funding: We gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Army Research Office (grants W911NF-20-1-0271 and W911NF-23-1- 0234) to A.B.B. and M.M., the NIH National Institute of General Medical Sciences (SC2GM135145) to M.M., the New York State Biodefense Commercialization Fund to A.B.B. and H.C.A., the Department of Defense Air Force Office of Scientific Research (DOD-AFOSR grants FA9550-23-1-0230 and FA9550-22-1-0513) to A.B.B. and (FA9550-23-1-0616) to G.P.H., the NIH Research Project (R01) Grant (AI 109022) to H.C.A., the Covid-19 HPC consortium (MCB200141) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for providing access to computational facilities, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (award number R01 AI165692) to G.J.-B.
November 28, 2025 at 5:11 PM
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Two of these compounds were also tested on mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). BOTH compounds (SCR005 and SCR007) significantly reduced viral loads, severe illness AND death in animals genetically prone to develop severe illness. In tests of the most promising candidate,
Fig. 2. SCR005 and SCR007 mitigate morbidity and mortality in the hACE2 mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection with minimal toxicity. Fig. 3. SCR007 and SCR005 treatment reduces SARS-CoV-2–induced morbidity, viral burden, and weight loss in hACE2 transgenic mice.
November 28, 2025 at 5:09 PM
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glycans. They identified four lead compounds that successfully blocked infection from seven different LIVE viruses across five unrelated families, including some of the world's most dangerous pathogens: Ebola, Marburg, Nipah, Hendra, SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 (coronaviruses).
Fig. 1. SCRs are inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, NiV, HeV, EBOV, and MARV entry.
November 28, 2025 at 5:08 PM
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Their efficacy was confirmed against LIVE viruses including Ebola, Marburg, Nipah, Hendra, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), AND Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS).

The study has been published in Science Advances. YES, it is PEER-REVIEWED.
• www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...

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ABSTRACT Viral pandemics continue to threaten global health and economic stability. Despite medical advances, the absence of broad-spectrum antivirals (BSAs) prevents rapid responses to emerging viral threats. This is largely due to the lack of universal drug targets across diverse viral families and high variability among viral proteins. In this study, we evaluated 57 synthetic carbohydrate receptors (SCRs) for antiviral activity in cellulo using pseudotyped virus particles (PVPs) from six high-risk viruses across three families: Paramyxoviridae, Filoviridae, and Coronaviridae. Four SCRs inhibited all tested PVPs, and their efficacy was confirmed against live viruses including SARS-CoV-2, MERS-COV, EBOV, MARV, NiV, and HeV. Notably, SCR005 and SCR007, which exhibited minimal toxicity, significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 infection in a severe animal model with a single dose. Mechanistic studies suggested that SCRs bind viral envelope N-glycans, blocking viral attachment and/or fusion. These results identify conserved viral N-glycans as promising BSA targets and establish SCRs as candidate prophylactic agents against enveloped viruses with pandemic potential.
November 28, 2025 at 5:02 PM
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device related infections are treated. If the technology succeeds in animals and clinical trials, it could reduce the need for high dose broad spectrum antibiotics. That would help preserve existing drugs and slow the spread of resistance. For someone in intensive care, that shift could mean a
Figure 4. a) P. aeruginosa biofilm matrix visualization after 72 h of treatment with samples (red: biofilm matrix, scale bar = 20 µm), b) Biofilm coated- P. aeruginosa viability after 12 h treatment of samples. c) Mature P. aeruginosa.
November 26, 2025 at 5:16 PM
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partnership between Swansea University and Freie Universität Berlin, blending expertise in chemistry, polymer science and nanotechnology. Funding from the German Science Foundation is allowing researchers to push the technology further at Swansea. The next steps will likely include tests in animal
Figure 3. a) Planktonic P. aeruginosa survival ratio after 12 h of treatment with PNG0.33-Fuc (mean ± SD, n = 7), b) 72 h growth curve after treatment with samples, c) SEM images for bacterial cells after different treatments (Black scale bar: 2 µm), d) Representative live/dead bacterial staining of P. aeruginosa. with different treatment and statistics for fluorescence intensity (green: live, red: dead, scale bar = 25 µm). 0.01<*p< 0.1, 0.001<**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, compare with Control group.
November 26, 2025 at 5:15 PM
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wiped out MORE THAN 99.9% of the bacteria hiding inside those biofilms. Microscopy backed up the numbers. Scanning electron images showed bacteria that looked crumpled and collapsed after exposure. Confocal imaging revealed biofilms that had thinned, broken and lost their smooth structure.
Figure 2. a) and b) Flow cytometry analysis of PNGs co-incubated with planktonic P. aeruginosa., c) and d) P. aeruginosa biofilm binding capacity of different nanogels (green: FITC, P.a., Red: Rhodamine, yellow: co-localization signal, Nanogels, scale bar = 20 µm), 0.01<*p< 0.1, 0.001<**p < 0.01, compared with the Control group. Advanced testing using flow cytometry, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy revealed: • Over 99.99% of free-floating aeruginosa were killed. •Over 99.9% of biofilm-coated aeruginosa -the tough, protective layer bacteria form- were inactivated within 12 hours. • The nanogel also showed strong antibacterial effects against other major threats, including Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
November 26, 2025 at 5:11 PM
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harming human cells. To meet that challenge, researchers designed a flexible particle called a heteromultivalent nanogel. It sounds technical, but the idea is fairly straightforward. The nanogel acts like a guided smart bomb. The core is a soft network of linked polymers. Onto that framework,
Figure 1. Schematics for the synthesis of nanogels (NGs). (i) Norbornene anhydride, DMF, room temperature, overnight.
November 26, 2025 at 5:07 PM
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The study has been published in Angewandte Chemie. YES, it is PEER-REVIEWED.
• onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/...

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Abstract The increasing prevalence of microbial resistance requires new antibacterial concepts for selective targeting and killing of pathogenic bacteria. Here, we report the synthesis of a heteromultivalent nanogel system against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). These nanogels are based on biocompatible polyglycerols and functionalized with sugar ligands fucose (Fuc) or galactose (Gal) for P. aeruginosa targeting. With a further modification of these nanogels with BMAP-18 short chain peptides (GRFKRFRKKFKKLFKKLS), we have achieved > 99.99% inactivation of planktonic and > 99.9% inactivation of biofilm-coated P. aeruginosa within 12 h of treatment. Additionally, the system demonstrates broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential, effectively inhibiting Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This modular design offers a promising strategy for the development of next-generation antimicrobial therapies targeting biofilm-associated infections and MDR bacteria. Graphical Abstract A heteromultivalent polyglycerol nanogel system integrates fucose/galactose and short-chain antibacterial peptides to achieve strong bactericidal and anti-biofilm effects at low concentration by efficient multivalent binding with bacterial lectins.
November 26, 2025 at 5:03 PM