The model simulations used for the analysis have been carried out using a modified version of the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM; www.pism.io), v1.0. PISM is an open-source, high-resolution, thermomechanically coupled and polythermal ice flow model77,78,96 which is widely adopted in the scientific community for simulating the evolution of ice sheets and glaciers to constrain projections of future sea-level rise. The model version adopted here is the same as in ref. 76. In simulations over the last two glacial cycles, this model configuration has been proven capable of adequately reproducing the dynamic evolution of Antarctica across its glacial–interglacial history, resulting in simulated present-day ice-sheet configurations reasonably close to observations97. PISM is a hybrid shallow ice flow model in which ice flow velocities resulting from two stress balance approximations—the shallow ice and shallow shelf approximations—are superimposed over the entire ice-sheet/ice-shelf domain78. This ensures smooth and consistent transitions between the different flow regimes in the interior of the ice sheet, where flow is dominated by vertical shearing, in the ice streams, which are sliding on the bed and in the floating ice shelves, where flow is characterized by fast plug flow. The simulations are performed using a regular rectangular grid with 16-km...

16.02.2026 - The Antarctic ice sheet does not behave as one single tipping element, but as a set of interacting basins with different critical thresholds. This is the finding of a new study by the Pot...

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