All but 1 of Utah's 53 measles case-patients were unvaccinated or have unknown immunization status.

The pathogenic avian flu H5N1 virus remains stable in raw milk and throughout the cheese-making process, but contaminated cheese fed to ferrets did not lead to infection, whereas raw milk did.

Infectious virus persisted throughout the cheese-making process and aging in cheeses made with raw milk at pH levels above 5.0.

Betanodavirus, also known as nervous necrosis virus (NNV), causing the viral encephalopathy and retinopathy disease (VER) in finfish, belongs to the Nodaviridae family, genus Betanodavirus (1). It is considered a major problem for European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) farming in the Mediterranean (2). Its linear genome is composed of two positive-sense single-stranded RNA molecules, RNA1 (3.1 Kb) and RNA2 (1.4 Kb), and a third RNA1 subgenomic transcript (RNA3) (0.4 kb) (3–5). Based on the small variable region of RNA2, the following four species have been identified: Betanodavirus pseudocarangis (SJNNV), Betanodavirus takifugui (TPNNV), Betanodavirus verasperi (BFNNV), and Betanodavirus epinepheli (RGNNV) (2, 6). Natural reassortment events can occur, and two reassortants (RGNNV/SJNNV and SJNNV/RGNNV) have been described, representing a new challenge for Mediterranean aquaculture (7–11). In the present study, following a mortality event of European seabass in offshore cages located along the Tunisian Sahel coastline in August 2023, NNV was isolated from brain samples using the SSN-1 cell line incubated at 25°C (12). Qualitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) targeting RNA1 was performed on the cell supernatant to confirm the viral identity (13). To obtain the complete sequence, the complementary DNA (cDNA) was used as a template in nine different PCRs, five targeting the RNA1 and four targeting the RNA2. The primer sets used for the amplification of the complete genome are detailed in Panzarin et al. (14). cDNA synthesis was carried out using the SuperScriptTM III Reverse Transcriptase Kit, followed by the 9 PCR reactions performed using the Platinum Taq DNA Polymerase kit. Each 25 µL reaction included 5 µL cDNA, 10× buffer, 0.2 mM dNTPs, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 10 U Taq polymerase, and 0.5 µM of each primer. Expected amplicon sizes were 874, 684, 849, 758, and 903 bp for RNA1, and 593, 605, 424, and 399 bp for RNA2. Amplicons were purified with ExoSAP-IT Express and sequenced bidirectionally using the BrilliantDye Terminator (v3.1) Cycle Sequencing Kit on a 24-capillary ABI PRISM 3500xl Dx Genetic Analyzer. Sequencing data were assembled and edited with SeqScape v3.0. Sequences were aligned and compared to representative ones for each viral species and to all available complete genomes from RGNNV/SJNNV Mediterranean strains using MEGA 7.0 (Table 1) (15). Phylogenetic trees are shown in Fig. 1. The genome obtained was composed of an RNA1 ORF, 2,949 bases long (GC content 52.2%), and an RNA2, measuring 1,023 bases (GC content 55.3%). The RNA1 ORF (982 amino acids) showed high identity (98.9%–99.8%) with the other Mediterranean reassortant strains (nucleic identity: 98.3%–99.1%). The RNA2 ORF (340 amino acids) showed an identity of 98.2%–99.7% (nucleic identity: 97.0%–99.0%).

LION-delivered replicating RNA vaccines are immunogenic and protect cynomolgus macaques against lethal influenza A (H5N1) virus challenge.

A clinical trial of pregnant women provides critical safety and immunogenicity data in support of a two-dose Ebola vaccine regimen — and reinforces the importance of maternal immunization research, urgently needed for other preventable diseases.

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), which causes a contagious disease in cattle, poses a significant threat to the global cattle industry. Despite its impact, the functions of most LSDV-encoded proteins ...

Reptarenaviruses cause boid inclusion body disease that can affect the fitness of the infected animals through a variety of clinical signs. Reptarenaviruses infect most tissue types in the affected in...

This study reports the discovery of a new konkovirus species, named Lachenalia konkovirus 1 (LaKoV1), from Lachenalia plants in an urban botanic garden in Amsterdam. Using a combination of RNA sequenc...

Michigan has reported 28 cases this year.

As SARS-CoV-2 circulating variants evolve, it is important to understand the vulnerabilities of these viruses to neutralizing antibodies. Within this manuscript, we describe first-generation antibodies isolated following infection with WA-1 that retain viral neutralization to subsequent Omicron variants by targeting a site of viral vulnerability called the NTD. This work highlights the shifting landscape of SARS-CoV-2 variants and provides mechanistic insights into how antibodies from prior infections may play a role in preventing subsequent SARS-CoV-2 variant infections.

Alphacoronaviruses are in the family Coronaviridae, along with three other genera; beta, gamma, and deltacoronaviruses. The Alphacoronavirus genus consists of viruses that infect a wide range of hosts...

Outbreaks of zoonotic viruses in human populations highlight the need to understand the molecular factors that influence viral host tropism and interspecies transmission. A virus’s host range is deter...

The neuropathogenesis of betacoronaviruses remains largely unclear despite the global impact of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. While these viruses are prima...

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) remains one of the most widespread viral infections globally. Primary HCMV infection is typically asymptomatic and leads to the establishment of latency in myeloid lineage...

Coronaviruses, like many other positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, rely on intracellular membrane remodeling to create a protected environment for efficient replication to occur. The resulting double membrane vesicles (DMVs) have characteristic pores formed from the non-structural viral proteins nsp3 and nsp4, while enzymes responsible for RNA replication, including the polymerase nsp12, are contained inside. Recent structural work has elucidated the nature of the pores, but how the polymerase and other viral proteins are recruited to the DMV represents a major gap in our current knowledge. Here we present a novel, step-by-step structural model of how the pores initially form from the uncleaved polyprotein, how protease activity is initiated, and how the viral replication machinery is trapped within the DMV.

Astroviruses are important aetiological agents of gastroenteritis. Recently, two novel human astrovirus (HAstV) clades, VA and MLB, have been identified. However, the replication cycle of these viruse...

The death, in a county where high numbers of West Nile virus-positive mosquitoes and dead birds have been found, is the fifth West Nile virus-related death in the state this year.

Abstract. The lentiviral accessory protein Vpr engages an extensive network of cellular pathways to drive diverse host consequences. Of its many phenotypes

This Perspective discusses essential considerations for how ecosystem restoration may influence spillover of zoonotic pathogens, and how such considerations may be integrated into restoration design.