Please read the article you are citing. I reported the 1.4pt as the Times’ result (not ours) from their own data, then showed it would have flipped zero seats. The follow-up article shows the 1.4pt effect is clearly a statistical artifact.

anyhoo, it seems that we're doomed to run through this cycle once every few months until the end of time

In our current turbulent situation, Perkins is a brilliant lighthouse to lead us away from the rocks and sandbars.

She is one of very few historic persons for who my respect grows with everything new I learn about her.

The thought of her helps keep my hope for the future alive.

11/ For an excellent history of Perkins immigration reforms, see "Labor Secretary Frances Perkins Reorganizes Her Department's Immigration Enforcement Functions, 1933–1940: 'Going against the Grain'" by Neil Hernandez:

muse.jhu.edu/article/8759...

10/ Abolishing ICE is much harder today than Section 24 was then. ICE is statutory and an entrenched agency. But Perkins reminds us they are policy choices. They’ve been built, dismantled, and rebuilt before. Immigration enforcement is policy. And policy can be changed.

9/ The police model eventually returned. In 1940, FDR moved the INS to the DOJ citing national security reasons as WW2 raged. In 2002, the INS was dissolved entirely to create CBP and ICE, placing immigration enforcement under DHS.

8/ Unsurprising Perkins faced political backlash. In 1939, anti-immigrant conservatives unsuccessfully tried to impeach Perkins, accusing her of failing to enforce deportation laws.

7/ While the State Department erected “paper walls” to block Jewish refugees, Perkins used her authority to issue Rule 25(A) permits which helped thousands of German Jews escape Nazi Germany.

6/ Crucially, she didn’t act in a vacuum. Perkins was empowered by a surging labor movement. That labor power gave her the political capital to humanize the immigration process.

A good example of a truism I tell my students: Heroes don’t create movements. Movements create heroes.

5/ She refused to treat immigrants as economic scapegoats. She rejected the idea that deportation was a valid tool for unemployment relief, insisting on due process over police terror.

4/ She then merged immigration bureaus into the INS, an agency focused on processing adjudication, not raids. Her goal, she said, was to proceed “with scrupulous fairness.” Warrantless arrests ended and for a time immigration was treated as a social/administrative issue rather than law enforcement.

3/ Perkins couldn’t simply fire the Section 24 officers due to civil service protections. So she found a bureaucratic loophole: She let their funding appropriation lapse. Once the money was gone, she terminated the squad due to insufficient funds.

2/ In 1933, Perkins found a rogue unit in her Dept known as the “Section 24” squad. The squad was known for aggressive, extra-legal tactics, including illegal detainment and intimidation. Perkins was horrified, calling the squad “disorderly; uncontrollable; unlawful.”