Rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rh-TMS) is increasingly used to entrain neural oscillations and probe their causal roles in cognition [1-3]. By delivering pulse trains at specific frequenc...

Nature Protocols, Published online: 24 June 2025; doi:10.1038/s41596-025-01182-4We present best practice guidelines for the use of concurrent TMS-fMRI, experimental design, technical requirements and data interpretation, illustrated via 12 use cases.

Selective attention is a fundamental cognitive mechanism that allows people to prioritise task-relevant information while ignoring irrelevant information. Previous research has suggested key roles of parietal event-related potentials (ERPs) and alpha oscillatory responses in attention tasks. However, the informational content of these signals is less clear, and their causal effects on the coding of multiple task elements are yet unresolved.

Postdoctoral Research Associate (Fixed Term) in the MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit at the University of Cambridge.