Abstract. To maintain and develop close relationships, people need to accurately represent the minds of their social partners. Although studies have characterized many aspects of children’s intuitive ...

Bisexuality challenges the often rigid, binary understanding of sexuality prevalent in many societies, but it often remains invisible. Despite its inclusion within the diverse spectrum of human sexuality, it continues to face erasure—often fueled by biphobia and prejudice both within society at large and the LGBTQ+ community itself. This study sheds light on the attitudes of gender and sexual orientation toward bisexuality and provides significant empirical data within the Filipino context. The Attitudes Regarding Bisexuality Scale—Female/Male Form, the Attitudes Regarding Bisexuality Scale—Female Form, and the Attitudes Regarding Bisexuality Scale—Male Form were used to gather different perspectives among 453 Filipinos. Results revealed that cisgender heterosexual Filipinos, particularly heterosexual men, display the highest levels of biphobia. In contrast, bisexual individuals, especially bisexual women, exhibit the least biphobic tendencies. This study also allows for nuanced comparisons among the LGBTQ+ community, which highlights intra-community biases such as lesbian women harboring biphobia toward bisexual women but not toward bisexual men. Additionally, bisexual men face more negative attitudes compared to bisexual women in our Filipino sample. These findings contributed to addressing the knowledge gaps in Southeast Asian cultural contexts as well as underscore the need for further research and strategies to combat biphobia and foster inclusivity within and beyond the LGBTQ+ community.

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Past research examining when people label an outcome as discrimination has largely ignored contextual factors beyond the victim–perpetrator dyad. We contend tha...