• Parental religiosity during enrollment ↓ female labor force participation later (no male effect).
• Maternal cumulative religiosity hits both genders, esp. women.
• Encourages families w/ >3 kids, reinforcing gender roles.
• Parental religiosity during enrollment ↓ female labor force participation later (no male effect).
• Maternal cumulative religiosity hits both genders, esp. women.
• Encourages families w/ >3 kids, reinforcing gender roles.
Findings:
• Women w/ higher fasting exposure pray/wear headscarves more.
• Higher exposure = more births after age 40.
• Fathers' religiosity impacts schooling more, esp. for girls.
Findings:
• Women w/ higher fasting exposure pray/wear headscarves more.
• Higher exposure = more births after age 40.
• Fathers' religiosity impacts schooling more, esp. for girls.
• Placebo: Fasting during junior high enrollment has no effect on primary school completion.
• Null effect when Ramadan occurs after enrollment confirms religiosity affects parental decisions, not other factors.
• Placebo: Fasting during junior high enrollment has no effect on primary school completion.
• Null effect when Ramadan occurs after enrollment confirms religiosity affects parental decisions, not other factors.
• A 30-minute increase in daily fasting during individuals' enrollment year lowers primary school completion by 0.37–0.80 percentage points, with stronger effects on girls.
• Robustness: Results aren’t driven by income, teacher behavior, or household dynamics.
• A 30-minute increase in daily fasting during individuals' enrollment year lowers primary school completion by 0.37–0.80 percentage points, with stronger effects on girls.
• Robustness: Results aren’t driven by income, teacher behavior, or household dynamics.
• Standard measures = endogenous.
• Fasting hours vary by year/province: e.g., southern provinces fast 1200 mins more than northern ones in winter, reversing in summer.
• 30 mins/day reflects religiosity, not physical effects.
• Standard measures = endogenous.
• Fasting hours vary by year/province: e.g., southern provinces fast 1200 mins more than northern ones in winter, reversing in summer.
• 30 mins/day reflects religiosity, not physical effects.