#EXchange4
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topstarnews.bsky.social
이용진-김예원-유라, 다시 시작되는 사랑의 서막, ‘환승연애’ 포토타임에 시선이 멈췄다(‘환승연애4’ 제작발표회) [TOP영상] #예능_환승연애4 #EXchange4 #이용진 #LeeYongJin #김예원 #KimYeWon #유라 #YURA
이용진-김예원-유라, 다시 시작되는 사랑의 서막, ‘환승연애’ 포토타임에 시선이 멈췄다(‘환승연애4’ 제작발표회) [TOP영상] #예능_환승연애4 #EXchange4 #이용진 #LeeYongJin #김예원 #KimYeWon #유라 #YURA
10월 1일 오후 용산구 CGV 용산 아이파크몰에서 티빙 오리지널 '환승연애4(EXchange 4)’ 제작발표회가 열렸다. '환승연애4(EXchange 4)' 제작발표회에는 이용진(Lee Yong-Jin)-김예원(Kim Ye-Won)-유라(YURA)가 참석해 간담회 시간을 가졌다. ‘환승연애4’은 다양한 이유로 이별한 커플들이 한 집에 모여 지나간 연애를 되짚고 새로운 인연을 마주하며 자신만의 사랑을 찾아가는 연애 리얼리티이다. 이용진&김예원&유라, 다시 시작되는 사랑의 서막, ‘환승연애’ 포토타임에 시선이 멈췄다(‘환승연애4’ 제작발표회) [TOP영상] 헤어진 연인들의 드라마틱한 서사와 획기적인 포맷으로 연애 리얼리티의 새로운 패러다임을 제시하며 '과몰입' 신드롬을 불러일으킨 ‘환승연애’로 매 시리즈 출연자들의 서사에 깊게 몰입하며 진심 어린 리액션을 보여줬던 패널 군단 이용진, 정기석, 김예원, 유라가 다시 뭉쳐 올 가을 모두의 감성을 촉촉하게 적실 예정이라고 해 더욱 기대감이 높아지고 있다.
www.topstarnews.net
October 1, 2025 at 3:35 AM
liselatulippe.bsky.social
US Sen. Chris Murphy said Sat that the GOP’s rejection of Dem compromise proposal2extend enhanced ACA tax credits 4a year in exchange4 reopening the fed gov shows that the RP is “absolutely committed2raising your costs.”
www.alternet.org/gop-healthca...
Republican stonewalling shows they are 'committed to raising your costs': insider
US Sen. Chris Murphy said Saturday that the GOP’s rejection of Democrats’ compromise proposal to extend enhanced Affordable Care Act tax credits for a year in exchange for reopening the federal govern...
www.alternet.org
November 9, 2025 at 11:46 AM
decalindner.bsky.social
Assisti metadinha do Ep.1 #Exchange4
November 1, 2025 at 10:29 PM
liselatulippe.bsky.social
"Liar! In your f*cking dream, No mean No, Never mean Never!
Trump said on Tues that Canada is “considering” his offer of joining the U.S as the 51s-s in exchange4 no-cost protection by the proposed “Golden Dome” missile defense system. by Sarah Fortinsky -
thehill.com/homenews/adm...
thehill.com
May 28, 2025 at 10:29 AM
ajsdecepida.bsky.social
{𝗮𝙅𝙎𝘿}: When books vanished, so did progress. Now Trump’s MAGA crusade mirrors that medieval blackout we call the ❝Dark Ages❞ —𝘨𝘶𝘵𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘴𝘤𝘪𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘦, 𝘴𝘪𝘭𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘴𝘤𝘩𝘰𝘭𝘢𝘳𝘴, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘤𝘩𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘥𝘢𝘵𝘢. 𝘚𝘦𝘳𝘸𝘦𝘳 𝘴𝘰𝘶𝘯𝘥𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘢𝘭𝘢𝘳𝘮: 𝘸𝘦’𝘳𝘦 𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘫𝘶𝘴𝘵 𝘧𝘭𝘪𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘪𝘨𝘯𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦— we’re engineering a new Dark Age.
The High Cost of Books and Its Role in Europe’s Dark Ages By andy J.S. Decepida Throughout the period roughly spanning 500 to 1500 CE, the prohibitively high cost and painstakingly slow production process of books in Europe severely constrained intellectual, cultural, and technological development. While China and the Islamic world had long adopted cheap, efficient paper-based systems —enabling the widespread copying and dissemination of texts— Europe remained shackled to expensive parchment manuscripts hand-copied by monks in isolated scriptoria. The consequences were sweeping: stunted literacy, scientific stagnation, monopolized religion, and an enduring reliance on clerical intermediaries for knowledge transmission. I. Cultural and Intellectual Bottlenecks European culture remained constricted for centuries under the weight of an inefficient manuscript tradition. Monastic scriptoria were the primary centres of book production, and creating a single manuscript could take weeks or even months1. Copyists worked with parchment —laboriously prepared from animal skins— making each book a scarce, expensive artifact2. As a result, the number of books in circulation was extremely limited, curbing opportunities for innovation and scholarship. These scriptoria often served to preserve rather than expand knowledge; original contributions were rare3. While the term ❝Dark Ages❞ is debated, there is no denying that Western Europe experienced a profound intellectual bottleneck compared to other world regions. In the Islamic world, by contrast, paper was introduced to Baghdad around 750 CE and sparked an intellectual renaissance. The cost-effectiveness of paper compared to parchment led to an explosion of Arabic writings across disciplines — mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and theology flourished4. Centres like the House of Wisdom became vibrant hubs of scholarship. Paper’s impact has been likened to that of Gutenberg’s printing press in the 15th century for Europe; it enabled a mass democratization of knowledge4. China, likewise, had already embraced paper and printing technology by the Tang and Song dynasties. These innovations dramatically lowered the cost of books and facilitated large-scale publication. By the 11th century, woodblock printing in China produced thousands of titles, some of which were educational materials for the imperial civil service examinations5. The abundance of printed texts contributed to a literate elite and a thriving culture of scholastic debate. II. Literacy and Education Constraints Europe’s medieval literacy was limited to a narrow elite: clergy, some nobility, and a few urban dwellers. Even within the Church, full literacy was far from universal. Monasteries became the central institutions of education, producing the few literate scribes necessary for both ecclesiastical and royal administration6. With so few books and such high production costs, education remained inaccessible to most, and the general population encountered texts —if at all— only through oral readings. Conversely, in the Islamic world, the spread of paper enabled broader literacy. Quranic schools and private instruction flourished, especially in urban centres. A significant portion of the population, particularly merchants, judges, and bureaucrats, could read and write Arabic. Libraries and universities like Al-Azhar in Cairo became widespread, fostering an intellectual milieu unavailable to most Europeans4. In China, the state-sponsored examination system created institutional incentives for learning. Access to printed Confucian texts prepared examinees from diverse social backgrounds, expanding literacy well beyond the confines of elite courts. Even in rural areas, local schools supported by temples or magistrates promoted reading and writing5. III. Scientific and Technological Divergence The scarcity of books in Europe meant that scientific knowledge —particularly from ancient Greek and Roman sources— was not widely available until rediscovered through Arabic translations centuries later. Europe’s scientific progress during the early and high Middle Ages was incremental and hampered by restricted access to foundational texts3. Meanwhile, Islamic scholars had preserved, translated, and extended Greek scientific works. Fields like algebra, optics, and medicine advanced rapidly in this environment of scholarly exchange4. Similarly, China experienced remarkable scientific developments. Innovations like gunpowder, the compass, and early seismographs were facilitated by broad access to written knowledge. Printed treatises, encyclopaedias, and state-issued manuals allowed innovations to be replicated and improved upon throughout the empire5. Europe, by contrast, had no such infrastructure until the advent of the printing press in the 15th century. IV. Religious and Political Implications The Church’s control over book production in Europe fortified its monopoly on religious and secular knowledge. Since nearly all manuscripts were copied by monks, the content was overwhelmingly religious and in Latin. The laity relied entirely on clerical interpretation of scripture, laws, and doctrine. This centralized knowledge created an unassailable Church hierarchy and enabled it to dominate European political life for centuries7. Even kings depended on the Church’s scribes for administrative tasks, further entwining religious and political power6. In contrast, the Islamic world featured more pluralistic access to religious texts. While the Qur’an held supreme authority, its study was not confined to a clerical elite. Paper’s accessibility allowed multiple theological schools to flourish, and literacy among merchants and laypeople encouraged diverse interpretations of religious texts4. China, devoid of an institutional C… examination materials were widely disseminated, reinforcing the emperor’s authority through shared textual culture. While ideological control remained strong, the accessibility of texts allowed for a comparatively broader base of bureaucratic competence5. Conclusion Europe’s reliance on parchment manuscripts and its slow, monopolized book culture placed it at a distinct disadvantage compared to the Islamic world and China. Whereas paper and printing technologies elsewhere fostered expansive intellectual networks, Europe’s knowledge was hoarded by a clerical elite. This had cascading effects — limiting literacy, delaying scientific progress, and reinforcing the Church’s hegemony. Not until the printing revolution of the 15th century would Europe begin to catch up. Endnotes 1 Bloom, J. M. (2001). Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World. Yale University Press. 2 Derolez, A. (2003). The Palaeography of Gothic Manuscript Books. Cambridge University Press. 3 Gutas, D. (1998). Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early Abbasid Society. Routledge. 4 Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. MIT Press. 5 Tsien, T.-H. (1985). Paper and Printing (Vol. 5, Pt. 1 of Science and Civilisation in China, edited by Joseph Needham). Cambridge University Press. 6 Southern, R. W. (1970). Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages. Penguin. 7 McKitterick, R. (1990). The Carolingians and the Written Word. Cambridge University Press.
May 28, 2025 at 9:04 AM
tdbsetlists.bsky.social
II: Basis For A Day >< Digital Buddha >< Fire Will Exchange⁴ > Basis For A Day

⁴ with Pi Jam
March 15, 2025 at 3:45 AM
topstarnews.bsky.social
유라, 간접적으로 연예하는 기분이라 연애하는데 도움이 많이 돼요!!(‘환승연애4’ 제작발표회) [TOP영상] #예능_환승연애4 #EXchange4 #이용진 #LeeYongJin #김예원 #KimYeWon #유라 #YURA
유라, 간접적으로 연예하는 기분이라 연애하는데 도움이 많이 돼요!!(‘환승연애4’ 제작발표회) [TOP영상] #예능_환승연애4 #EXchange4 #이용진 #LeeYongJin #김예원 #KimYeWon #유라 #YURA
10월 1일 오후 용산구 CGV 용산 아이파크몰에서 티빙 오리지널 '환승연애4(EXchange 4)’ 제작발표회가 열렸다. '환승연애4(EXchange 4)' 제작발표회에는 이용진(Lee Yong-Jin)-김예원(Kim Ye-Won)-유라(YURA)가 참석해 간담회 시간을 가졌다. ‘환승연애4’은 다양한 이유로 이별한 커플들이 한 집에 모여 지나간 연애를 되짚고 새로운 인연을 마주하며 자신만의 사랑을 찾아가는 연애 리얼리티이다. 유라(YURA), 간접적으로 연예하는 기분이라 연애하는데 도움이 많이 돼요!!(‘환승연애4’ 제작발표회) [TOP영상] 헤어진 연인들의 드라마틱한 서사와 획기적인 포맷으로 연애 리얼리티의 새로운 패러다임을 제시하며 '과몰입' 신드롬을 불러일으킨 ‘환승연애’로 매 시리즈 출연자들의 서사에 깊게 몰입하며 진심 어린 리액션을 보여줬던 패널 군단 이용진, 정기석, 김예원, 유라가 다시 뭉쳐 올 가을 모두의 감성을 촉촉하게 적실 예정이라고 해 더욱 기대감이 높아지고 있다.
www.topstarnews.net
October 1, 2025 at 6:04 AM
hitmagazine.com.br
Nosso boyfriend material dando voz a futuros (ou antigos) casais

SHOWNU (MONSTA X) é a voz por trás da OST da quarta temporada de "EXchange", conhecido como "De Férias com o Ex" coreano.

#SHOWNU #ASYOUWISH #EXCHANGE4 #MONSTAX
October 22, 2025 at 8:46 PM
topstarnews.bsky.social
김예원, 조언과 상담이 체질인 예원? “전 사..실...”(‘환승연애4’ 제작발표회) [TOP영상] #예능_환승연애4 #EXchange4 #이용진 #LeeYongJin #김예원 #KimYeWon #유라 #YURA
김예원, 조언과 상담이 체질인 예원? “전 사..실...”(‘환승연애4’ 제작발표회) [TOP영상] #예능_환승연애4 #EXchange4 #이용진 #LeeYongJin #김예원 #KimYeWon #유라 #YURA
10월 1일 오후 용산구 CGV 용산 아이파크몰에서 티빙 오리지널 '환승연애4(EXchange 4)’ 제작발표회가 열렸다. '환승연애4(EXchange 4)' 제작발표회에는 이용진(Lee Yong-Jin)-김예원(Kim Ye-Won)-유라(YURA)가 참석해 간담회 시간을 가졌다. ‘환승연애4’은 다양한 이유로 이별한 커플들이 한 집에 모여 지나간 연애를 되짚고 새로운 인연을 마주하며 자신만의 사랑을 찾아가는 연애 리얼리티이다. 김예원(Kim Ye-Won), 조언과 상담이 체질인 예원? “전 사..실...”(‘환승연애4’ 제작발표회) [TOP영상] 헤어진 연인들의 드라마틱한 서사와 획기적인 포맷으로 연애 리얼리티의 새로운 패러다임을 제시하며 '과몰입' 신드롬을 불러일으킨 ‘환승연애’로 매 시리즈 출연자들의 서사에 깊게 몰입하며 진심 어린 리액션을 보여줬던 패널 군단 이용진, 정기석, 김예원, 유라가 다시 뭉쳐 올 가을 모두의 감성을 촉촉하게 적실 예정이라고 해 더욱 기대감이 높아지고 있다.
www.topstarnews.net
October 1, 2025 at 6:04 AM
kpopcentral.bsky.social
SHOWNU (MONSTA X) - As You Wish lyric MV (EXchange4, Pt.3 OST)

#환승연애4 #환연4 #EXchange4 #OST #kpop #Shownu #monstax
셔누 (몬스타엑스) - As You Wish (환승연애4 OST Part 3)｜Lyric Video｜Stone Music Playlist
YouTube video by Stone Music Entertainment
www.youtube.com
October 23, 2025 at 5:17 AM
ooli.bsky.social
Top albums • 1 week

1. Junny — null
2. SUHO — Who Are You
3. Xiumin — Interview X
4. Xiumin — Overdrop
5. 東方神起 — Rising Sun
6. SHOWNU — EXchange4, Pt. 3 (Original Soundtrack)
7. 東方神起 — MIROTIC
8. WOODZ — I’ll Never Love Again
9. SHOWNU X HYUNGWON (MONSTA X) — THE UNSEEN
10. 東方神起 — TRI-ANGLE
October 26, 2025 at 12:39 PM
decalindner.bsky.social
Como eu eu tava muito no Kwai, me esqueci que queria muito assistir #Exchange4 - vou baixar
November 1, 2025 at 1:24 PM
topstarnews.bsky.social
이용진-김예원-유라, 환승연애를 떠날 수 없는 이유!! “우린 커플이 누구인지 아니까!!”(‘환승연애4’ 제작발표회) [TOP영상] #예능_환승연애4 #EXchange4 #이용진 #LeeYongJin #김예원 #KimYeWon #유라 #YURA
이용진-김예원-유라, 환승연애를 떠날 수 없는 이유!! “우린 커플이 누구인지 아니까!!”(‘환승연애4’ 제작발표회) [TOP영상] #예능_환승연애4 #EXchange4 #이용진 #LeeYongJin #김예원 #KimYeWon #유라 #YURA
10월 1일 오후 용산구 CGV 용산 아이파크몰에서 티빙 오리지널 '환승연애4(EXchange 4)’ 제작발표회가 열렸다. '환승연애4(EXchange 4)' 제작발표회에는 이용진(Lee Yong-Jin)-김예원(Kim Ye-Won)-유라(YURA)가 참석해 간담회 시간을 가졌다. ‘환승연애4’은 다양한 이유로 이별한 커플들이 한 집에 모여 지나간 연애를 되짚고 새로운 인연을 마주하며 자신만의 사랑을 찾아가는 연애 리얼리티이다. 이용진&김예원&유라, 환승연애를 떠날 수 없는 이유!! “우린 커플이 누구인지 아니까!!”(‘환승연애4’ 제작발표회) [TOP영상] 헤어진 연인들의 드라마틱한 서사와 획기적인 포맷으로 연애 리얼리티의 새로운 패러다임을 제시하며 '과몰입' 신드롬을 불러일으킨 ‘환승연애’로 매 시리즈 출연자들의 서사에 깊게 몰입하며 진심 어린 리액션을 보여줬던 패널 군단 이용진, 정기석, 김예원, 유라가 다시 뭉쳐 올 가을 모두의 감성을 촉촉하게 적실 예정이라고 해 더욱 기대감이 높아지고 있다.
www.topstarnews.net
October 1, 2025 at 6:04 AM
oktowngirl57.bsky.social
Great interview w/Susan Glasser, on deportations other foreign policy, Trump administration is swapping out American values, violating everything the U.S. has stood4 in exchange4 kleptocracy also transnationalism w/the world's worst tyrants, all at the same time...
[1]

youtu.be/UGnd03SRG8Q?...
Tulsi’s Not Even TRYING to Hide Corruption at DNI (w/ Susan Glasser)
YouTube video by The Bulwark
youtu.be
May 21, 2025 at 10:13 PM
newsbeep.bsky.social
S.COUPS, Mingyu Revealed as 'EXchange4' X-Couple – 조선일보

https://www.newsbeep.com/188344/

S.COUPS, Mingyu Revealed as ‘EXchange4’ X-Couple  조선일보Seventeen’s S.Coups and Mingyu Appear on ‘Transit Love 4’… Second Ex-couple Revealed  매일경제Transfer Dating…
S.COUPS, Mingyu Revealed as 'EXchange4' X-Couple - 조선일보 - News Beep
S.COUPS, Mingyu Revealed as 'EXchange4' X-Couple  조선일보Seventeen’s S.Coups and Mingyu Appear on ‘Transit Love 4’... Second Ex-couple
www.newsbeep.com
October 16, 2025 at 4:00 AM