Nick Byrd, Ph.D.
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byrdnick.com
Nick Byrd, Ph.D.
@byrdnick.com
3.3K followers 530 following 14K posts
I study how to improve decisions and well-being at @GeisingerCollege.bsky.social.

🎓 gScholar: shorturl.at/uBDPW

▶️ youtube.com/@ByrdNick

👨‍💻 psychologytoday.com/us/blog/upon-reflection

📓 byrdnick.com/blog

🎙️ byrdnick.com/pod
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byrdnick.com
Support for physician-assisted #death correlated with
- belief in free will (r ≅ -0.1 to -0.3)
- belief in determinism (r ≅ 0.1 to 0.3)
- religiosity (r ≅ -0.4)

The free will result in undergraduates was undetected in a more representative sample.

doi.org/10.1080/0748...
Study 1a and 1b sample (undergraduates) and methods (online and in-person data collection with a definition of physician-assisted death, vignettes, etc.). Study 1 (a and b) results, controlling for religiosity. Study 2a (survey workers) and 2b (undergraduates) methods. Study 2 correlations and 2b mediation analyses.
January 12, 2026 at 12:02 PM
byrdnick.com
🤔 “my goal [in this book] is to develop a defense of the surprising and counterintuitive view that it is always (or almost always) impermissible for Christians to procreate.”

Christian Anti-Natalism (2026): https://amzn.to/4aKNLCC
Lougheed, Kirk. Christian Anti-Natalism: Reconsidering the Theology of Procreation. Springer Nature, 2026. https://amzn.to/4aKNLCC
January 11, 2026 at 12:29 PM
byrdnick.com
Apple’s #Fitness app says I averaged 13.9 miles per day on foot in 2025 — just over 5000 miles for the year.

#Strava indicates 80% of the mileage was from recorded workouts.

Grateful to have traded #commuting for #exercise. Working from home certainly has upsides!

#WFH #health
Average daily step distance for 2025 = 13.90 miles
January 10, 2026 at 4:07 PM
byrdnick.com
We've found good results on overt and covert #dataQuality measures by recruiting people via #onlineAdvertising (perhaps because participation incentives aren't financial):

Attention ≅ 2.6 out of 3
ReCAPTCHA (v3) ≅ 0.94 out of 1.0

doi.org/10.1017/S003...

#surveyMethods #cogSci #psychology #xPhi
In a sample of over 5000 English speakers recruited from six continents via Google ads, attention scores were 2.6 out of 3 and ReCAPTCHA (v3) scores 0.94 out of 1.0 (on average).
January 9, 2026 at 2:19 PM
byrdnick.com
Bonus: Dubois' data and visualizations from the early 20th century are available for free on #Github so that anyone can reproduce the infographics, run their own analyses, etc.:

The #dataViz: github.com/ajstarks/...

#dataAnalysis #openAccess #archive #DuBoisChallenge2025 #edu
All 60-something data visualizations from Dubois et al's 1900 exhibit in Paris in PDF format from GitHub. The 2025 Du Bois Visualization Challenge README.md file on GitHub.
January 9, 2026 at 12:20 PM
byrdnick.com
I finally read this book about how W.E.B. #Dubois and colleagues challenged 19th and 20th century ideas and intuitions by visualizing data: https://amzn.to/49916Dz

Cheers to those who advance debate with clear, cogent, empirical arguments.

#stats #history #sociology #philosophy
Battle-Baptiste, W., & Rusert, B. (2018). W. E. B. Du Bois’s Data Portraits: Visualizing Black America. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 978-1-61689-706-2 https://amzn.to/49916Dz
January 9, 2026 at 12:20 PM
byrdnick.com
mTurk data issues are not new:

“In late 2020…. Participants from the United States were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk, CloudResearch, Prolific, and a university. One participant source yielded up to 18 times as many low-quality respondents as the other three.”

doi.org/10.1093/anal...
January 9, 2026 at 5:49 AM
byrdnick.com
Are more reflective thinkers more or less likely to use #AI to solve complex problems?

In this sample of 500 students, AI barely correlated with reflective thinking, but the correlation was positive (r = 0.1) rather than negative.

doi.org/10.1007/s106...

#edu #econ #psychology
"Of the 791 participants, 504 participants completed the sample by the end, and 487 participants remained after the treatment of outliers, and only these participants were considered for the analysis." "The Pearson correlation coefficients showed that the higher scores on Solving economic problems are associated with high levels of Cognitive reflection, Need for cognition and a higher usage of AI (Table 2)." "Solving economic problems (SEP) measured with a tool developed by one of the authors – Prof. of Financial Management. ...students were asked to use whatever computational and informational tools they wanted, if they did not communicate with their peers. The following tools were allowed: (1) search engine (Google, Bing or similar); (2) ChatGPT or similar; (3) Excel or similar applications; (4) paper and pencil; (5) others (had to specify which). At the end of each [of the four] problem[s], students had to tick which of the tools they used to solve it." "For calculating the “Using AI” we computed the score using summing only the “ChatGPT or similar” for the problems. The score was between 0 and 3 (mean 0.91, SD 1.15) since Problem 4 was not completely solved by anyone, and we decided not to use it in the research."
January 6, 2026 at 12:03 PM
byrdnick.com
Can #AI handle abstract screening for a #systematicReview?

Li et al. tested #ChatGPT, #PaLM, #Llama, #Claude, and various techniques on 3 datasets.

#GPT4 was consistently at least 90% accurate (vs gold standard) with balanced sensitivity & specificity.

doi.org/10.1186/s136...
"a hybrid methodology has emerged [18]. It cleverly marries the rapid categorization capabilities of zero-shot classification with the precision of traditional machine learning models such as SVM and RF. Here, zero-shot classification provides an initial curation of all abstracts in the training set. Then, based on zero-shot classification’s curation, the abstracts with classification score higher than a pre-specified threshold are selected to undergo manual review to rectify zero-shot classification. The rectified classification then serves as a foundation for training traditional models, which are then employed for screening the broader dataset (e.g., in the testing set). The hybrid approach balances the speed of zero-shot and the precision of traditional ML, and potentially offers enhanced accuracy at reduced human efforts. However, this approach involves the use of multiple methodologies and still relies on well-curated, labeled training data...." Table 2 Results on the Bannach-Brown 2016 database Table 3 Results on the Meijboom 2021 database Table 4 Results on the Menon 2022 database
January 5, 2026 at 12:22 PM
byrdnick.com
Amelia Kahn has been making sense of the different numeric values assigned to “words of estimate probability” across Intelligence agencies (e.g., IC, DoD, and other Five Eyes agencies): ameliakahn.wordpress.com/papers/

Follow her to be notified when it’s published: philpeople.org/profiles/ame...
Modelling Uncertainty with Ontologies Amelia Kahn (Seton Hall) “My research concerns words of estimative probability– that is, natural language phrases that express uncertainty like "high confidence" and "remote chance". These phrases are indispensable in the IC, where information is limited and uncertainty abounds. For all their utility, words of estimative probability pose two serious problems. First, their usage is far from standardized. Several different agencies within the IC and DoD and their counterparts abroad have attempted to standardize usage of these terms. However, these standards are inconsistent with each other, even within the IC and DoD, which leads to interoperability issues when we aggregate data from different agencies. The second problem with words of estimative probability is that, without a formal semantic interpretation, it's difficult to leverage the power of machine inferencing and ontologies to draw valuable conclusions from the information we have. I aim to develop a practical, accurate model of data with words of estimative probability in a way that addresses each of these issues. In conjunction with Basic Formal Ontology, the Common Core Ontologies and other ontologies used to structure data in the IC and DoD, my model should allow data from different agencies within the IC, DoD, and Five Eyes partners to be aggregated without interoperability failures or burdening analysts with extraneous information about the various standards for words of estimative probability. Representing uncertain information in a semantically rich way will also allow us to query databases by degree of certainty and automate inferences to be drawn from uncertain data.”
January 4, 2026 at 11:57 PM
byrdnick.com
Many clinicians ask for #consent to record appointments.

Do patients?

A 2015 paper found 77% of patients WANT clinics to allow recording.
- 35% CONSIDERED secretly recording
- 15% DID secretly record

doi.org/10.1136/bmjo...

#ambientDocumentation #healthcare #bioethics #policy
Table 2. Experience and views on patients secretly recording encounters "19 (15%) respondents indicated having secretly recorded a clinical encounter and 14 (11%) were aware of someone who had secretly recorded a clinical encounter. 45 (35%) said they would consider recording secretly and 44 (34%) said they would record after asking permission. Totally, 69% of respondents indicated their desire to record clinical encounters, split equally between wanting to do so covertly or with permission."
December 22, 2025 at 12:28 PM
byrdnick.com
Hmm. That does seem to be what they report.

They mention that only Experiment 1a was pre-registered, but it’s unclear whether that’d make a difference to your query.

🤷‍♂️
“Experiment 1a was preregistered (see https://osf.io/6vzxg/; the remaining experiments in this paper were not preregistered), and according to the preregistration, we aimed to collect responses from 50 participants to calculate effect size and determine whether we needed to increase the sample size. However, since significantly more participants responded to the first call, we decided to include all 64 responses and conducted the preregistered procedures on this larger sample.”
December 19, 2025 at 5:26 PM
byrdnick.com
People DID find formal explanations more satisfying when the category seemed unknown!

But only the most reflective thinkers realized tautological (uninformative) formal explanations were less satisfying than informative ones.

doi.org/10.1111/cogs...

#xPhi #cogSci #SciComm
2/2
Experiments 1a and 1b: "...participants judged the explanations to be less satisfactory when the questioner was aware of the object’s category identity compared to when the questioner was unaware of it (Experiment 1a: β = −0.61, se = 0.24, t = −2.51, p = .015; Experiment 1b: β = −1.23, se = 0.37, t = −3.36, p = .001)." Experiments 2a and 2b: "...participants judged the questioner to be less aware of the categorical identity of the object, when the questioner was presented as satisfied with the explanation provided in Experiment 2a (β = −2.18, se = 0.25, t = −8.82, p < .001) and Experiment 2b (β = −0.97, se = 0.40, t = −2.46, p = .017)." Experiment 3: "We conducted a content analysis of participants’ responses and grouped them into six possible types of answers. ...significant main effect of answer type when comparing the overall probability of CATEGORY and Function to appear as answer (β = −2.55, se = 1.29, z = −1.98, p = .048). More importantly, CATEGORY had the highest probability of appearing as an answer (compared to the other five types of answers) when the characters were satisfied, and the lowest probability of appearing as an answer (compared to the other five types of answers) when the characters were not satisfied." Experiment 4: "A significant interaction between condition (i.e., Tautology vs. Choice) and CR was observed (β = 0.24, se = 0.11, t = 2.09, p = .039). .... the difference between Tautology and the Choice conditions was significant only at the highest level of CR (β = 0.61, se = 0.20, z = 3.13, p = .002)."
December 19, 2025 at 12:04 PM
byrdnick.com
Why can that fly? Because it's a bird.

Aristotle dubbed such explanations "formal": they explain a thing's feature(s) by appealing only to the thing's category.

If right, then formal explanations should be more satisfying when the category is unknown. So are they?

#philSci
1/2
"Formal explanations are statements that explain the presence of a feature in an object by appealing to the category to which the object belongs. For example, 'this animal flies because it is a bird' is a formal explanation, as it contains no information beyond the categorical label. The term 'formal' traces back to Aristotle’s philosophy, where he identified four causes that could underlie any explanation. So, if we want to explain why a match burns, we might say it is made of wood (material cause), or that it illuminates a dark room (function), or that someone lit it (source of action). We could also respond, 'because it is a match,' which would be a formal explanation, meaning an explanation that appeals to the special nature of all 'matches' distinguishing them from all nonmatches." "The materials consisted of short dialogues where characters asked their friends questions. .... In one condition, participants were told that the questioner was aware of the object’s category identity, while in the other condition, they were told that the questioner was unaware. An example of such a dialogue in both conditions is presented below:" "Peter is looking at a flying creature. Then he realizes he is looking at a bird [Condition 1] // Peter is looking at a flying creature. However, he does not realize that he is looking at a bird. [Condition 2]" "He asks his friend, 'Why does this creature fly?' 'It flies because it’s a bird', his friend replies."
December 19, 2025 at 12:04 PM
byrdnick.com
The #AI survey "respondent’s performance rendered [attention quality] checks [ACQs] effectively obsolete. Across 6,000 total trials..., [it] committed only 10 errors, achieving an overall pass rate of 99.8% and scoring perfectly on 18 of the 20 ACQ types."

#surveyMethods #psychometrics #psychology
"Fig. 5. Synthetic respondents successfully evade diverse data quality checks. (A) (Top) shows a 99.8% pass rate on standard attention checks. (B) (Middle) demonstrates a 0% error rate on questions about impossible events or traits. (C) (Bottom) reveals a sophisticated evasion tactic: the synthetic respondent strategically declines 97.7% of “reverse shibboleth” tasks, thereby concealing its nonhuman identity."
December 17, 2025 at 5:27 PM
byrdnick.com
Further replication of our #failedReplication of relationships between reflection and intention attribution (doi.org/10.1093/anal...):

Trotti et al. found only self-reported (but not actual) tendencies to think reflectively predicted a #sideEffectEffect: doi.org/10.1007/s103...
The intention attribution scenarios (and response options), two self-report reasoning personality scales, and one behavioral test of reflection (belief bias or logical reflection). More about the eight belief bias (or logical reflection) items and its scoring. Results: self-report (but not behavioral) reflection measures predicted intention attribution.
December 17, 2025 at 12:03 PM
byrdnick.com
My mental accounting did not budget for @rthaler.bsky.social endorsing crypto on Twitter.
@R_Thaler I’ve been working in crypto for a while now, and it’s finally paying off. Today I picked up a brand-new Cadillac Escalade. I’m really grateful for the guidance from my coach, @CC_btc_bianca, who helped make it possible. 11:15 AM · Dec 16, 2025
December 16, 2025 at 11:04 PM
byrdnick.com
What predicted inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in Japan's #primaryCare clinics?

- Acute bronchitis, common cold (acute upper respiratory), and rhinitis diagnoses
- Older male clinicians
- Telehealth and regular (vs. after) hours appointments

doi.org/10.1136/bmjp...

#AMR
Figure 1. Association of patient, physician and visit characteristics with prevalence of inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions in solo practice clinics. Table 3 shows the three most frequent diagnoses and antibiotics for each appropriateness category.
December 16, 2025 at 12:09 PM
byrdnick.com
Does #morality of a violation depend on your relationship to the wrongdoer?

People from #China and the #UnitedStates rated transgressions involving parents less immoral than transgressions involving a #sales person or superiors (N > 1200).

doi.org/10.3390/bs15...

#ethics #xPhi
"we investigate whether moral evaluations vary depending on the relationship between the actor and the victim. Unlike previous research that primarily adopts a third-party perspective, this study uses a first-person approach, focusing on judgments made by individuals directly involved in the moral interaction. Three empirical studies were conducted: Study 1 tests the influence of social relationships on moral judgment using Chinese participants; Study 2 explores how moral judgments differ across various moral domains in relational contexts; and Study 3 compares Chinese and American participants to assess cross-cultural differences in the impact of social relationships on moral evaluation. Across all three studies, the results consistently show that social relationships significantly affect moral judgment, supporting the view that moral evaluations are shaped not only by the nature of the act but also by the relational context in which it occurs." Study 1: "Post hoc comparisons using Tukey’s HSD test revealed that moral transgressions involving parents were perceived as the least immoral, whereas those involving a salesperson were judged as the most immoral. The difference between these two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.001; 95% CI = [−0.97, −0.30]). No significant differences were found among the other relational contexts." Study 2: "There was an interaction between social context and moral foundation (F(12, 2424) = 33.00; p < 0.001; partial η 2 = 0.14). The results also showed a main effect for the relational context. Post hoc comparisons using Tukey’s HSD test indicated that moral transgressions involving parents were perceived as the least immoral, whereas those involving a superior were judged as the most immoral. The difference between these two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.001; 95% CI = [−0.34, −0.13]), while no significant differences were found among the other relational contexts." Study 3: "results from the interaction analysis indicated a significant interaction effect between social relationships and culture (F(3, 1716) = 51.88; p < 0.001; partial η 2 = 0.08). Furthermore, both the main effect of social relationships and the main effect of culture reached statistical significance. To further examine the main effect of social relationships, a post hoc analysis using Tukey’s HSD test was conducted. The findings indicated that moral transgressions involving parents were perceived as the least immoral, whereas those involving a salesperson were judged as the most immoral. The difference between these two relational contexts was statistically significant (p < 0.001; 95% CI [−0.34, −0.13]), while no significant differences were observed among the remaining relational categories."
December 15, 2025 at 12:39 PM
byrdnick.com
Are more reflective thinkers better at games that require empathy or perspective-taking?

In two experiments, reflective thinking performed better on such games, seemingly because they paid more attention to the other players' incentives.

doi.org/10.1017/S193...

#econ #cogSci
"Nash equilibrium is a game solution in which none of the players has a self-interested incentive to deviate from its own strategy after considering the counterpart’s choice. In Experiment 1, we used a particular class of game called dominance-solvable. These games contain an option which is better than another one for a player, independently of the action the counterpart will take. We refer to this option as a dominant strategy.3 In Experiment 1, we used two classes of dominance-solvable games characterized by different equilibrium structures, creating sixteen 2x2 games for each class (for a full list of game matrices, see Figure A1 in section A.1, Appendices). The two classes of games (Figure 1) were: (1) dominance solvable “self” games (DSS), in which only the participant had a strictly dominant strategy; (2) dominance solvable “other” games (DSO), in which only the opponent had a strictly dominant strategy." "In order to explore the type of visual analysis performed by participants, transitions were divided in five major types (Figure 2), following the classification of Devetag and colleagues (2016): 1) own-payoffs within-action transitions: transitions between player’s own payoffs within a single row (necessary to identify the action with the highest average payoff). 2) own-payoffs between-action transitions: .... 3) other-payoffs within-action transitions: ... 4) other-payoffs between-action transitions: transitions between the counterpart’s payoffs within a single row (necessary to identify the presence of counterpart’s dominant choices). 5) intra-cell transitions: transitions between the payoffs of the two players, within the same cell (necessary to compare the two players’ payoffs given a specific combination of choices)." "the model that best predicts the proportion of equilibrium choices included only the CRT score (R 2 = .11, F (1, 46) = 5.59, B = 0.33, p = .022), while we did not find any effect of fluid intelligence or working memory". "the average causal mediation effect of proportion of other-payoffs within-action transitions on the relation between CRT score and proportion of equilibrium responses is statistically significant (p = .002, based on 10000 bootstrap samples), accounting for an estimated 58 % of the total effect between CRT score and proportion of equilibrium responses (Table 4)."
December 12, 2025 at 12:38 PM
byrdnick.com
...we know that giving people various cues can make up for their poor understanding of the #logic of conditionals.

For instance, adding a scenario to a familiar conditional makes people far more likely to realize how others would test it...if it's a rule: dx.doi.org/10.3791/6...
"The main results have shown a significant main effect of the problem content (F(2, 147) = 16.60; p < 0.0001). Post hoc analyses revealed significant differences between neutral (M = 0.50) and permission content (M = 0.97), p < .0001. There was also a significant difference between permission and obligation rules (M = 0.28, p < .027). Overall, higher logical indices were obtained with permission content, and the lowest were registered with neutral rules. A significant main effect of scenario was also obtained (F(1,148) = 19.24; p < 0.0001). For all three types of content, the logical indices were higher in the condition where a Scenario was provided (M = 0.986), than in the No-Scenario condition (M = 0.464). Finally, a significant interaction between Scenario and Framing was registered: F(1,148) = 7.64; p < 0.006." "As shown in Figure 5, performance was considerably higher when the scenario was present rather than absent when [rule-like or] deontic framing was used, but there was little effect of the scenario with indicative framing."
December 11, 2025 at 12:04 PM
byrdnick.com
In the 60s Wason showed people poorly understand the #logic of testing abstract conditionals (If..., then...).

In the 70s Johnson-Laird et al. found people DO know how others tend to test FAMILIAR conditionals (If someone drinks, then they must be 21).

After many more papers...
"The overall goal of the Wason selection task is to analyze how subjects formulate and test hypotheses from a conditional "If p then q" rule. This problem has been and continues to be one of the best experimental tools for studying the mechanisms underlying human reasoning. The original abstract version of the problem 1 is illustrated in Figure 1." "Thematic" versions of Wason's card selection task which involve familiar (rather than abstract) content.
December 11, 2025 at 12:04 PM
byrdnick.com
Does open-minded reflection improve #diagnosis?

Reflecting on reasons for, objections to, expected-but-missing symptoms of, and an alternative to medical residents' initial diagnoses improved accuracy, albeit not significantly (p = 0.263, N = 56).

doi.org/10.1007/s104... #medEd
"Participants were randomly assigned to the learning-by-teaching condition (n = 28) or the control condition (n = 28)." "Ninety-nine residents followed our invitation and came to the first study session, and 56 of them (39 female; age M = 29.05, SD = 2.85) completed both sessions." Medical residents randomized to "the experimental condition [studied three] examples of the procedure that they would be asked to teach. ... Each example showed the reflection procedure [which[ requires the physician to first read a case and give an initial diagnosis. Subsequently, the physician goes back to the case and lists (1) findings that support the diagnosis, (2) findings that oppose the diagnosis, (3) findings that would have been expected if the diagnosis were true, but were absent. The physician then gives (4) an alternative diagnosis and follows the same analytical steps (1–4) for this alternative diagnosis, and for a third diagnosis." Table 2 All outcome measures collected during the post-test "One-way ANOVAs showed no main effects of condition on diagnostic accuracy, F (1, 54) = 1.28, p = 0.263". The authors admit that their sample was almost half as large as they had hoped and, thus, perhaps insufficiently powered to detect the effect they expected.
December 10, 2025 at 12:53 PM
byrdnick.com
Can forgetting to take your #medicine be associated with where you store it?

In a survey of over 1500 people, forgetting to take #medication was
- higher if stored in kitchen cabinets
- lower if stored in desks, dining room tables, and nightstand drawers

doi.org/10.3390/bs14...
"The home medication storage locations that were significantly associated with decreased odds of having... forgotten to take a medication included kitchen tables (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.50–0.88)" The "home medication storage locations were significantly associated with having decreased odds of forgetting to take a medication [were] atop bedroom nightstand (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.58–0.91), in the nightstand drawer (OR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.48–0.75), desk (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.56–0.99), [and] on the dining room table (OR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.49–0.99)"
December 9, 2025 at 12:22 PM
byrdnick.com
Can it help to reflect on discrepancies between intended and actual #alcohol consumption?

For male undergraduates, this reflection reduced #drinking (compared to a control group).

For females, merely enrolling in the study was enough to reduce drinking.

doi.org/10.3390/bs14...
"Method: Participants (N = 88, females = 61.5%, mean age = 21.05 years) were randomly assigned to a control group or [a] Computerized Brief Intervention (CBI) ...to motivate participants to change their drinking behavior. ... At baseline and a three-month follow-up, the participants completed a battery of measures of alcohol consumption and related problems." "Results: At baseline, the participants were confirmed to be heavy drinkers with many drink-related negative consequences. ... During follow-up, males’ alcohol use was [lower in the treatment groups compared to the control group]. The females in all three groups reduced their alcohol use, but there were no significant group differences." "Accordingly, 90 participants were recruited from students at Bangor University through an offer of either course credit (one hour of research credit for each hour that they participated) or a modest cash payment of GBP 10. The inclusion criteria were that men should drink more than 21 units of alcohol per week or 8 or more units on one occasion at least weekly, and women should drink more than 14 units per week or 6 or more units on one occasion at least weekly. Each UK unit of alcohol represents 10 mL or 8 g of pure alcohol. The participants were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: Computerized Brief Intervention (CBI), Computerized Brief Intervention-Enhanced (CBI-E), or the Control group. The final sample who completed the first session included 88 students, 54 (61.5%) of whom were female, and their mean age was 21.05 years (SD = 4.42). Seventy-five participants completed the follow-up session; 60% of them were female." "The participants [in the treatment groups] were introduced to the Computerized Brief Intervention (CBI) as a computer-assisted interview during which they would receive personalized and objective feedback about their drinking. The CBI aimed to motivate participants to change their current use of alcohol through the use of the following components: First, participants were given objective feedback about their drinking. Second, the discrepancy between participants’ current drinking and their drinking goal was highlighted. Third, participants were asked to consider the implications of not changing their current level of alcohol use. The CBI achieved these objectives in approximately 30 min through the use of 12 computer screens." "For males, after a steady reduction in drinking during the first three weeks after being included in the study, the weekly consumption of each of the groups stabilized. Individuals in the CBI group[s] drank less alcohol than the [control] group." "For females, however, the post-intervention pattern of drinking was quite different. First, the female participants in all three groups considerably reduced their consumption just after they completed the baseline assessment. Second, the reductions were maintained throughout the 12 weeks of follow-up. Third, the differences in consumption among the three groups were less distinct than for the males."
December 8, 2025 at 12:01 PM