Furthermore, Ron explored how perturbation outcomes grouped regulators that act coherently on transcriptional programs. Several known programs emerge, but the real magic is the context specificity: many programs and their regulators change drastically across different stimulation conditions.

In fact, they appear to be eerily similar. The per generation mutation rate seems to lay between 10-9 and 10-8 per bp in all animal taxa surveyed to date–despite vast differences in environments, life histories, and three orders of magnitude variation in the generation time: 4/n

Great thread! Do you mean "gene-gene" interactions in the non-additive sense? Biologically, I assume that GxG is pervasive, but I haven't seen good evidence of it explaining a lot of phenotypic variance. Of course, additive genetics can still be complicated with lots of polygenicity and pleiotropy.

But if each gene is doing multiple jobs, then every phenotypical trait is controlled by multiple genes.

Even homozygous deleterious mutations are doing something else when in heterozygous form: doi.org/10.64898/202...

Complexity is the norm, more complexity than what fits in the human imagination