Hanahan revisits the evolving framework of cancer hallmarks, synthesizing 25 years of conceptual refinement into a multidimensional view of tumor biology. This review highlights how aberrant capabilit...

The C-termini often regulate protein biological functions through specific structures or modifications. Small open reading frame-encoded peptides (SEPs) make up a novel class of gene expression products that participate in various biological activities. Their C-termini have also been found to affect their function, but the polymorphism of SEPs’ C-termini has not yet been systematically elucidated. Using C-terminal proteomics, we identified 3636 C-terminal peptides from 2168 proteins in three human cancer cell lines, including 3364 peptides from 1901 classical proteins and 272 peptides from 267 SEPs. Approximately 20% of all of the identified C-terminal peptides had been reported in previous studies, originating from mRNA alternative splicing or protease cleavage, while more than 85% of the C-terminal peptides from SEPs were novel. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that most new SEP C-termini are likely produced by protease cleavage by the KLK, MMP, and CAT protease families. Others without accurately predicted hydrolysis sites may originate from alternative splicing or protein trimming. The intact and hydrolysis products of some SEPs were verified by immunoblotting. Some cleavage occurs in the predicted domain, which might affect SEPs’ function. This study enriches the SEP sequence information, provides experimental evidence for SEP in vivo processing, and supports the subsequent functional analysis of SEP.

The Senate voted to provide billions more to NASA, NOAA and the National Science Foundation than the president had asked for.

Mathematics has long provided a quantitative framework to interpret cancer biology and treatment. Driven by richer biological and clinical data, the field has evolved into a multidisciplinary and translational endeavor - giving rise to Mathematical Oncology. Yet, the field's strong interdisciplinarity obscures a comprehensive view of its evolution, as well as the boundaries between Mathematical Oncology and adjacent domains. Here, we address this gap through a comprehensive bibliometric analysis spanning 75 years of mathematical research in oncology. Using a manually curated corpus (~1,500 papers) and a large query-based dataset (~19,000 papers), we map the field's conceptual and collaborative development over time. Independent analyses reveal sustained growth, high impact, and pronounced interdisciplinarity, together with a gradual shift from fundamental cancer biology toward therapeutic modeling. This reorientation underpins the emergence of Mathematical Oncology as a distinct field, separate from Systems Biology and Pharmacokinetics / Pharmacodynamics. We show how diverse concepts interlace within Mathematical Oncology, bridging applied mathematics, optimal control, evolutionary theory, and imaging. Collectively, we demonstrate that Mathematical Oncology is not merely the application of mathematics to cancer, but the use of interpretable models integrating clinical, biological, and physical knowledge to improve screening, understand disease evolution, guide therapy, and strengthen forecasting. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. NCI, U54CA274507 Wenner-Gren Stiftelserna/the Wenner-Gren Foundations, WGF2022-0044 Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas, RP220225 National Science Foundation, DMS 2436499 MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and ERDF/EU, PID2023-146347OA-I00 MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and ESF+, RYC2022-036010-I

The US president vowed to ‘end childhood cancer’. But his administration is dismantling the search for a cure and sending families scrambling for treatment

Humpback whale genomes reflect shifts in whaling practices and their potential impact on the animals’ adaptive capacity.

Federal research funding to universities has fueled breakthroughs for years. The White House is pressuring universities to align with the president's political agenda, or risk losing their funding.