Febrile neutropenia can lead to life-threatening infections in patients with haematological malignancies or after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Infection management is challenged by rising antib...

Tuberculous meningitis is the most severe form of tuberculosis, causing death or disability in around half of those affected. There are no up-to-date international guidelines defining its optimal mana...

In the blood mononuclear cells of persons living with HIV (PLWHs) with a history of virological failure (VF), some viral strains, archived as proviral DNA, can harbor mutations conferring resistance to antiretrovirals.

There are approximately 10 000 cases of anal cancer diagnosed in the United States annually and over 50 000 globally. This makes anal cancer the 27th most common cause of cancer in the United States, similar to cervical cancer.

Oropouche virus (OROV) is a re-emerging arbovirus that poses a yet undetermined degree of threat to the United States (US), with outbreaks reported in the Caribbean and South America, including new areas of spread, since the end of 2023.

The efficacy and safety of corticosteroids in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) remain controversial.

Tuberculosis (TB) preventive treatment (TPT) is critical to the end TB strategy. There is limited evidence on its long-term protective effect among people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in high-burden programmatic settings.MethodsThis observational cohort study included PLWH who initiated a single TPT course from March 2017 to September 2018 at 14 ART centres in Andhra Pradesh, India (TB prevalence: 274/100,000). We followed PLWH for 6 years and censored person-time at TB diagnosis, loss to follow-up, or death. We calculated TB incidence rates (IR) and mortality rates (MR) per 100 person-years (PY) stratified by TPT completion and effective ART (viral load<1000 copies/ml). Cox-proportional hazards models estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) with 95% confidence limits (95% CL) for TB and mortality.FindingsWe followed 4,706 PLWH for 23,414 PY. TB was diagnosed in 135 PLWH (2.9%)—122 among 4,454 PLWH who completed TPT (IR: 0.55/100PY, 95% CL: 0.46–0.66), and 13 among 252 PLWH who did not (IR: 1.06/100PY, 95% CL: 0.56–1.81). There were 553 all-cause deaths (11.8%)—MR: 2.2/100PY (95% CL: 2.0–2.4) among those who completed TPT compared to 13.5/100PY (95% CL: 11.1–16.3) among those who did not. TPT, combined with effective ART, was associated with an 87% reduction in TB (aHR: 0.13; 95% CL: 0.05–0.37) and a 94% reduction in all-cause mortality (aHR: 0.06; 95% CL: 0.04–0.10).ConclusionA single TPT course combined with effective ART conferred durable protection against TB and significantly reduced mortality among PLWH in a high-burden TB setting.

Fever is common in infective endocarditis (IE), yet little is known about fever duration in such patients. We aim to identify predictors of persistent fever in patients with suspected IE.

In 1983, HIV -the virus responsible for AIDS- was isolated by virologists from the Institut Pasteur. A first observation with a microscope in February was confirmed in May 83 by a publication in Scien...

Obesity can cause physiological changes resulting in antibiotic pharmacokinetic alterations and suboptimal drug exposures. This systematic review aimed to summarise the available evidence on this topic and provide guidance for dose adjustment of antibiotics in adult (age ≥18 years) patients with obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2). We searched PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL databases to find relevant studies published between database inception and Dec 30, 2023. We initially identified 6113 studies, which became 4654 studies after duplicate removal, and 128 studies were included in the final review.

We report the occurrence of low-level HBV viremia in PLWH with controlled CD4 counts and isolated core antibody reactivity switched to long-acting injectable cabotegravir/rilpivirine.

Tenofovir/lamivudine/dolutegravir (TLD) is widely prescribed worldwide. We report virologic and resistance outcomes for patients initiating or switching to TLD.

The comparative effectiveness and tolerability of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) has not been sufficiently evaluated in people with AIDS who initiate therapy.

The improved efficacy and tolerability of newer antiretroviral drugs, as well as the introduction of long-acting regimens, have prompted more frequent therapy switches in individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) remains the most lethal form of tuberculosis (TB). Despite significant physiological differences, adults and children with TBM receive similar treatment and are often grouped together in research.

The combination of two broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), teropavimab and zinlirvimab, plus the capsid inhibitor lenacapavir, is a potential twice-yearly regimen for HIV-1 treatment.

AbstractCurrent U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention tuberculosis (TB) guidelines recommend molecular testing for initial diagnosis of TB and detection of rifampin resistance to expedite initiation of proper treatment. The Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF assay can detect members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and rifampin resistance by evaluating for mutations in the rpoB gene. However, false-positive and false-negative detection of M tuberculosis and rifampin resistance results can lead to incorrect treatment of patients, including overuse of second-line anti-TB drugs, and may result in patient harm and increased healthcare cost. We present a series of 4 cases to demonstrate the limitations of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay in the diagnosis of TB, emphasizing the importance of follow-up confirmatory testing and laboratory oversight in reporting accurate results.

Fostemsavir, a prodrug of the first-in-class gp120-directed attachment inhibitor temsavir, is indicated in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatm...

Through 144 weeks in GEMINI-1/-2 and 48 weeks in STAT, dolutegravir/lamivudine demonstrated high rates of virologic efficacy and a good safety profile in individuals naive to antiretroviral therapy across baseline viral load categories, including in those with very high baseline viral load (>500,000 copies/mL). ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02831673/NCT02831764; NCT03945981.

Through 144 weeks in GEMINI-1/-2 and 48 weeks in STAT, dolutegravir/lamivudine demonstrated high rates of virologic efficacy and a good safety profile in individuals naive to antiretroviral therapy across baseline viral load categories, including in those with very high baseline viral load (>500,000 copies/mL). ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02831673/NCT02831764; NCT03945981.